1292
Geological Survey of Canada, may not yet be transferred
to an archives. The Canadian Archival Information
Network or CAIN is a national database describing
archival records, including photographs, at the fonds or
collection level. All 13 provincial and territorial archival
computer networks are linked to CAIN.
The National Archives of Canada (formerly the
Public Archives of Canada, founded 1872) did not es-
tablish its Picture Division until 1907, but had acquired
photographs a decade earlier. As of March 2002, the
National Archives holds over 21 million of photographs
dating back to the earliest days of photography. About
400,000 online descriptions of photographs preserved by
the National Archives are linked to nearly 4,000 digital
images in its online, Web-based research tool Archivi-
aNet. The National Archives also issued research guides
to its photographic collections and published the Guide
to Canadian Photographic Archives (1984), a union list
describing publicly accessible photo collections across
the country.
The National Gallery of Canada (founded 1880 and
offi cially opened 27 May 1882) contains an international
collection of around 20,000 photographs dating back to
1839, descriptions of which, along with selected digital
facsimiles, are available through its CyberMuse Web
site. Although the NGC exhibited photographs as sepa-
rate art forms beginning in 1934, its own Photograph
Collection was not established until 1967.
As of March 2002, provincial and territorial govern-
ment archives in Canada with active photograph digiti-
zation programs containing 19th century photographs
(not for online exhibits) are, in chronological order,
the British Columbia Archives (1993), the Archives
of Ontario (1998), the Northwest Territories Archives
(ca. 2000), and the Nova Scotia Archives & Records
Management (2001).
First established in 1894 as part of the Legislative
Library, the BC Archives began collecting historical
records, including photographs, in 1898. Today it pre-
serves the largest number of 19th century photographs
of the province. Some of the signifi cant 19th century
photographers represented in its holdings are Frederick
Dally, Francis George Claudet, Richard and Hannah
Maynard, and Edward Dossetter. As of March 2002,
the BC Archives Web site describes over 110,000 pho-
tographs linked to over 65,000 digital images.
The Notman Photographic Archives, operated within
the McCord Museum, McGill University, Montreal, pro-
vides Web-based access to 24,000 digital photographs
from among the 1,000,000 photographs by the William
Notman fi rm and other photographers.
The other signifi cant public collection of 19th century
digital photographs is available through the privately
funded Glenbow Library and Archives Web site. Part
of the Glenbow Museum, the Glenbow Library and Ar-
chives collection of online photographs (nearly 60,000
digital images and descriptions) are also searchable
through the Images Canada Web gateway. The Glen-
bow Library and Archives preserves over one million
photographs.
Canadian photographers, like their counterparts
around the world, used their own business spaces from
the very beginning of photography to exhibit their work.
The fi rst daguerreotypes of Canada taken in early 1840
by Hugh Lee Pattinson may have been exhibited the
same year in London or Paris by Antoine-François-Jean
Claudet and Noël Marie Paymal Lerebours. Works by
Canadian photographers were formally exhibited at
international world’s fairs in Paris, London and other
European urban centres, as well as the United States.
The fi rst international exhibition at which Canadian pho-
tographers were represented was the 1855 Paris Exhibi-
tion. Thomas Coffi n Doane (1814–1896) from Montreal,
Quebec, and Eli J. Palmer from Toronto, Ontario, the
only two Canadian photographers exhibiting, received
honourable mention for their work. At the 1862 London
International Exhibition, William Notman was awarded
a medal and Francis George Claudet, the youngest son of
Antoine-François-Jean Claudet, received an honourable
mention for his landscape photographs of New West-
minster, BC. Claudet’s father was one of the judges, but
whether he excused himself is not known. Some of the
portraits on patent leather exhibited by George Robinson
Fardon at the 1862 world’s fair were discovered late in
the 20th century by the Victoria and Albert Museum and
their identity verifi ed by the author in 1999 as Fardon’s
work. Examples of other international exhibitions at
which Canadian photographers were represented are the
1865 Dublin International Exhibition (J.B. Livernois of
Les Livernois), the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle
(Wellington Chase; J.B. Livernois of Les Livernois;
William Notman), the 1876 United States Centennial
(International) Exhibition (J.S. Climo; Alexander Hen-
derson; William Notman), the 1878 Paris Exposition
Universelle (J.E. Livernois of Les Livernois [ed. Note:
this is J.B. Livernois’ son]; William Notman), the 1886
Colonial and Indian Exhibition London (Mrs. R.E. Carr;
Richard Maynard; William Notman), the 1888 Barce-
lona World’s Fair (S.H. Parsons), and the 1893 World’s
Columbian Exposition Chicago (W.H. Boorne; Les
Livernois). Governments, both national and provincial,
also commissioned photographs or purchased existing
images which were incorporated into international exhi-
bition displays as a means of illustrating and promoting
their regions.
At the national level, there were no competitive
exhibitions consisting solely of photographs as an art
form until 1934 when the National Gallery sponsored
the Canadian International Salon of Photographic Art.
Prior to this time, the camera clubs and photographers