1472
“Photography from a woman’s standpoint” (1890).
Her appointment as editor was followed by a visit to
England, where she was enrolled into the Photographic
Society of Great Britain, and married the photographic
journalist Henry Snowden Ward (1865–1911).
Together with her husband, Ward edited The Pho-
togram (1894–1905), continued as The Photographic
Monthly, and The Process Photogram (1895–1905),
continued as The Process Engraver’s Monthly. They
collaborated on a series of topographical volumes, with
photographs taken by Mrs Ward, including Shakespeare
(1896, 1897), Dickens (1903), Chaucer (1904), and
Lorna Doane (1908).
Snowden Ward died suddenly in New York in 1911,
while on a lecture tour to promote the Dickens cen-
tenary. Catherine returned to England, but her health
deteriorated, and she died in Hadlow, Kent July 31
1913.
David Webb
WARD, HENRY SNOWDEN (1865–1911)
Henry Snowden Ward was born in Bradford. In 1884
he became associated with the Bradford photographic
publishers and stationers Percy Lund & Co, for which
he founded and edited The Practical Photographer in
1890.
In 1893 he left Lund and with his new wife, Cath-
erine, started The Photogram which became The Process
Photogram in 1895 and The Process Engravers Monthly
from 1906. American edition and deluxe editions were
also published. An annual Photograms of the Year also
appeared from 1894.
Although his activities as a photographic techni-
cal author were extensive Ward was also an active
participant in the [Royal] Photographic Society and
the Photographic Convention and he was in demand
at photographic societies as a judge. He was important
in disseminating new discoveries and improvements,
particularly in the area of photo-mechanical printing.
He was one of the fi rst experimenters with X-rays and
wrote a handbook on the subject Practical Radiography
(1896) and was a founder of the Röntgen Society. Ward
was an enthusiastic proponent of record photography
and was one of the fi rst to draw attention to the use
of photography in press illustration. He established a
bureau to supply photographs to the press.
Although Ward’s work with his process journals
continued until his death from the later 1890s he began
increasingly to explore the application of photography
to the illustration of literary works. He authored books
dealing with Shakespeare (1896), Dickens (1904),
Chaucer (1904) and an edition of Lorna Doone (1908).
These were usually illustrated with Catherine’s photo-
graphs. He undertook extensive lecture tours on liter-
ary subjects and during one to New York he died on 7
December 1911.
His American wife Catherine Weed Ward (neé
Barnes) who was an accomplished photographer and
photographic journalist in her own right died on 31
January 1913.
Michael PritchardWARNERKE, LEON (VLADISLAV
MALAKHOVSKII) (b. 1837)
A Russian-born civil engineer, Warnerke moved to Lon-
don before 1870 where he established himself as a pho-
tographer and opened one of the earliest photographic
laboratories. By 1880 he had business interests in both
the United Kingdom and Russia, living periodically in
both south-east London and St Petersburg, where he
opened a photographic manufacturing facility.
He is credited with the discovery (c.1875) of the tan-
ning effect of pyrogallic acid when used in the develop-
ment of collodion and, in 1880, with the development
of the Warnerke sensitometer, the fi rst effective device
for the measurement of plate speed. This he used for
pioneering sensitometric investigations of gelatine dry
plates and early silver bromide emulsions.
In 1875 he designed a roll-holder for 100-exposure
silver bromide collodion stripping paper, predicting the
development of Eastman’s stripping fi lms in the follow-
ing decade, and in 1882 he was awarded the Progress
Medal of the Royal Photographic Society. From 1889 his
factory manufactured silver chloride printing papers.
Warnerke’s interests extended beyond photography.
He is remembered in monetary circles as one of the
greatest banknote forgers of all time, having been re-
sponsible for the forgery of several eastern European
currencies, most particularly Russian roubles. He was
never caught, and supposedly died in 1900—at the age
of 63—but it is likely that he faked his own death to
escape arrest.
John HannavyWASHINGTON, AUGUSTUS
(c. 1820–1875)
Daguerreotypist and teacher
Augustus Washington was born in Trenton, New Jersey,
in 1820 or 1821 to a former slave and his South Asian
wife. His father Christian ran an oyster saloon in Tren-
ton. Washington’s mother probably died shortly after
Augustus was born, as records show his father married
a woman named Rachel in October 1821.
Attaining a solid education and sharing this knowl-
edge with others dominated Washington’s early life.
He attended private schools in Trenton alongside white