229
Delamotte, Philip Henry; Ross, Andrew & Thomas;
Talbot, William Henry Fox; Brewster, Sir David;
Wheatstone, Charles; Baldus, Édouard; and Claudet,
Antoine-François-Jean.
Further Reading
Journal of the Photographic Society, 23 April 1853, 33 & 21
December 1853, 141 (advertisements).
Buckle, S. Calotype Pictures by Samuel Buckle, Peterborough:
privately published, 1853 (with 30 calotypes).
British Journal of Photography 15 June 1860, 183 (obituary).
Fox Talbot Correspondence Document Nos. 05184 [6 May 1858],
07065 [25 Nov 1854], 09972 [15 April 1873].
Glyde, J. Suffolk in the Nineteenth Century, Ipswich: J M Burton &
Co; London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1856 (advertisement).
National Museum of Photography Film & Television C15/53
Album 4 ‘Calotypes Vo.2’ given to Science Museum 1937
via Fox Talbot family and Lady Maskelyne (containing over
50 prints by Buckle).
Royal Archives RA PP/VIC/2/6/4607, 2/8/5125.
Taylor, R. Photographs Exhibited in Britain 1839–1865, Ottawa:
National Gallery of Canada, 2002.
http://www.windowsonwarwickshire.org.uk PH 480/61 (‘Buckle’s
Laboratory’).
Warwickshire County Record Offi ce CR1644 (Buckle’s Account
Book).
BULL, LUCIEN GEORGES (1876–1972)
Irish chronophotographer
Born January 5, 1876, in Dublin, Ireland, to a British
father and French mother, he lived mostly in France.
His brother was cartoonist and photographer René
Bull. Lucien Bull was a prolifi c innovator, responsible
for pioneering high speed cinematography in order to
view movement in slow motion. Engaged in 1895 by
the French physiologist Etienne-Jules Marey, Bull as-
sisted with chronophotographic experiments; his duties
included developing and printing the sequence-picture
negative strips for analysis. He was also sent out onto
the streets of Paris to shoot scenes with Marey’s Chro-
nophotographe camera, which used non-perforated fi lm.
Bull later remembered trying to project one of Marey’s
fi lmstrips, at a time when many inventors were making
efforts to present their celluloid-based photographic
sequences as moving images on a screen. Lucien Bull’s
major contributions to the Marey Institute started after
Marey died in 1904, and included high-speed cin-
ematography of insect fl ight (some stereoscopic), and
balistics. Bull also patented an improved version of the
electrocardiogram (ECG) in 1938. He remained at the
Institute as sub-director for decades, receiving honors
from the French and British. He was active until his
death on August 25, 1972.
Stephen Herbert
BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM
(1811–1899)
ChemistRobert Wilhelm Bunsen was born March 31, 1811, in
Goettingen as the son of a professor of modern lan-
guages. At the age of 19, he earned his PhD in chemistry
in Goettingen and went to teach in Marburg and Breslau.
In 1852 he began his own laboratory at the Heidelberg
University and stayed there until his death on August
26,1899. In more than forty years of work Bunsen made
German chemistry one of the leading sciences in the
world. The only thing he seems to have less contributed
to bears his name: the Bunsen burner.
This extremely versatile man contributed to many
sciences through the use of chemical analysis, and some
of his efforts helped photography. When experimenting
with the carbon-zinc electric cell he invented the fi rst
grease-spot photometer in 1844. In the 1850s, he was the
fi rst to obtain magnesium in metallic state and measure
its qualities. By following the suggestion to use burning
magnesium as a fast burning but bright light source, he
eventually named the base of fl ash light for photography
in 1859. Similar to Edmond Becquerel and in coopera-
tion with Gustav Kirchhoff, Bunsen found that each
element emits a light of characteristic wavelength thus
contributing tremendously to the basic researche on
color photography. In 1862, Bunsen and Roscoe pub-
lished the fi rst law of blackening as reciprocity of light:
Each photo-chemical effect is the product of the light
intensity and the time involved, each product producing
the same effect of blackening by light emission. This
law was later corrected by Karl Schwarzschild. Bunsen’s
later enquiries lead him away from photography to more
ecologic and industrial questions.
Rolf SachsseBURGER, WILHELM JOSEPH
(1844–1920)
Austrian photographerBorn into a comfortable middle-class Viennese family,
Burger received a classic education but displayed a great
talent for art. Accordingly, in 1855 his parents enrolled
him in the Akademie der bildenden Kunste where he stud-
ied until 1860. Moving to Munich to continue his studies
he was increasingly attracted to photography, thanks to
the infl uence of his uncle. Burger returned to Vienna in
1863 and studied photography at the University where
he demonstrated remarkable ability. By 1868 he was
regularly lecturing and publishing articles. He had come
to the notice of the Court which, that year, appointed him
photographer to the Austria-Hungary mission to the Far