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Crump, James, Suffering the Ideal, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Twin
Palms, 1995.
Curtis, Verna Posever (ed.), F. Holland Day, special issue of His-
tory of Photography, 18/4 (Winter 1994).
Curtis, Verna Posever and Jane Van Nimmen (eds.), F. Holland
Day: Selected Texts and Bibliography, Oxford: Clio, and New
York: G.K. Hall, 1995.
Fanning, Patricia J. (ed.), New Perspectives on F. Holland Day,
North Easton, Massachusetts: Stonehill College, 1998.
Jussim, Estelle, Slave to Beauty: The Eccentric Life and Contro-
versial Career of F. Holland Day, Photographer, Publisher,
Aesthete, Boston: Godine, 1981,
Naef, Weston J., The Collection of Alfred Stieglitz: Fifty Pioneers
of Modern Photography, New York: Metropolitan Museum
of Art, 1978.
Parrish, Stephen Maxfi eld, Currents of the Nineties in Boston
and London: Fred Holland Day, Louise. Imogen Guiney, and
Their Circle, New York: Garland, 1987.
Roberts, Pam et al., F. Holland Day, Amsterdam: Van Gogh
Museum, 2000 (exhibition catalogue).
DE AZEVEDO, MILITÃO AUGUSTO
(1837–1905)
Brazilian photographer and actor Militão Augusto de
Azevedo was born in Rio de Janeiro on June 18, 1837,
to Antonio Inácio de Azevedo and Lauriana Augusto de
Azevedo. He studied photography in Europe in 1878,
and may have worked with Alphonse J. Liébert. Known
professionally as Militão, he worked for the Carneiro
& Smith photographic studio in Rio in the 1850s, and
by 1862, he ran the Carneiro & Gaspar studio in São
Paulo. He produced an Album of Views of the São Paulo
Railway in 1865 and several urban landscapes in about
- In 1875, he bought the studio and renamed it
Photographia Americana. The business failed in 1885
and he went to Europe, returning with the idea for his
Comparative Album of Views of the City of São Paulo,
1862/1887. He considered this collection of 60 original
albumen photographs his masterwork and swansong.
Militão also produced carte-de-visites and portraits
of people from all walks of life, including black poet
and abolitionist Luís Gama. He died in São Paulo on
May 24, 1905. Collections: Museu Paulista, São Paulo;
Shomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New
York; Moreira Salles Institute, São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro;
Emanoel Araújo Collection, São Paulo.
Sabrina Gledhill
DE BANVILLE, VICOMTE AYMARD
ATHANASE (1837–1917)
French photographer
As a member of the 1863 expedition led by the promi-
nent French Egyptologist Vicomte Emmanuel de Rougé,
de Banville spent several months photographing the
sites and monuments of Egypt. It is unclear whether he
worked directly under the supervision of de Rougé or
selected his own subjects. Prior to his work in Egypt, he
had been an amateur painter and sculptor and had made
some attempts at photography as early as 1860. While
in Egypt he produced a concentrated body of work,
more than 200 photographs in less than six months.
That work formed the basis for a lavish publication,
Monuments Egyptiens (1865), which included 165 of
his photographs. He exhibited a number of the prints in
the Société Française de Photographie exhibition that
year. It seems clear that de Banville’s position in soci-
ety and his association with de Rougé, the successor to
Champollion, gave his work a higher profi le than that of
other photographers working in Egypt at that time. He
was awarded the Legion of Honor for his work.
Kathleen HoweDE BEAUCORPS, GUSTAVE (1825–1906)
French photographer
Born into an aristocratic family in France, the count
Gustave de Beaucorps began to photograph in the mid
1850s. A talented amateur, he is best known for his ar-
chitectural photographs of monuments and landscapes
taken on travels through western Europe. Algeria, Egypt,
Morocco, Palestine, and Turkey. His photographs, pri-
marily studies of architecture, landscape and fi gures
made upon his travels, were generally bound in albums.
De Beaucorps also collected Spanish and Arab decora-
tive arts, some of which he photographed. Although
de Beaucorps primarily employed the waxed paper
negative process to make both salted paper and albumen
prints, a few albumen prints from wet collodion glass
negatives have been identifi ed. A member of the Société
Française de Photographie, Beaucorps exhibited with
the S.F.P in 1859, 1861, and 1869. His work is included
at the Canadian Center for Architecture, Montréal, the
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and the Société Française
de Photographie, Paris.
Sarah KennelDE BRÉBISSON, ALPHONSE (1798–1872)
Alphonse de Brébisson was born in Falaise, Normandy,
where he lived all his life and where he acquired a
reputation as an eminent botanist. He was interested in
photography since 1839, and began researching methods
to simplify and improve the processes of the daguerreo-
type. The results of this work led to the publication of
De quelques modifi cations apportées aux procédés du
daguerréotype (1841). He experimented with negative
paper photography and in 1848, one year after the intro-
duction of the calotype in France, he published notes on
the subject. He later used albumen on glass, collodion