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editor, and from 1903 was a member of the committee
of Photographische Correspondenz. The fi rst publica-
tion, Ueber die Reactionen der Chromsaeure und der
Chromate auf Gelatine, Gummi, Zucker und andere
Substanzen organ, was printed in 1878, and investi-
gated emulsion- gelatin development. On his last work,
he collaborated with Adam Trumm’s and his editorial
abilities in 1932 and created the closing chapters of the
book, Handbuch der Photographie: um Heliogravuere
and the Platinotypie.
Since 1900, he had been delivering lectures on the de-
velopment of the photography in “Vereins zur Vorberei-
tung naturwissenschaften Kenntnise” in Vienna. The
level of his knowledge facilitated him lecturing about
photography at The Science Academy. In 1879–1915 he
published fi ve articles in Sitzungsberichten der koenig-
lichen Akademie. To this important inventions belonged
like the application of pyrocatechol as developer reducer
as foung in Der neue Eisenoxalat- Entwickler und des-
sen Vergleichung mit dem Pyrogallus-Entwickler. Wien- Verlag der Photographische Correspondenz.
Together with Eduard Valenta (1857–1937), he pub-
lished the method of using W. Roentgena’s process for
taking photographs. Roentgena’s photographs were kept
as x- rays, “Christiceps argentatus,” and the negatives
were put in a collection at the Eastman Kodak Company
in 1922 from the J.M. Eder and “Aesculap-Snake Vienna
1896” in Private Collection, in Vienna. Another was
reproduced in the book Versuche ueber Photographie
mittelst der Roentgen’schen Strahlen. Hersg. mit Ge-
nehmigung der k.k. Versuchs- Anstalt fuer Photographie
und Reproduktions- Verfahren in Wien. Halle 1896. With
15 Photogravuren in x-rays. With E. Valenta describ-
ing Spectralanalyse in Beitraege zur Photochemie und
Spectralanalyse. Wien 1904 and the methods of research
of sensistometric negativebeing published in System
der Sensistometrie photographischer Platten. Wien
1899–1902, thousands of photographers were using
Eder’s book Recepte und Tabellen fuer Photographie
und Reproductionstechnik, welche an der k.k. Lehr-
und Versuchsanstalt fuer Photographie und Reproduc-
tionsverfahren in Wien angewendet werden. This book
too had 25 editions between 1892–1949. Theorie und
Praxis der Photographie mit Bromsilber—Emulsionen
unter bes. Beruecks.d. Gelatine–Emulsionsverfahrens.
Wien 1881, had two editions, and from 1884–1888, he
wrote four books on the instantaneous photography and
he described a new light meter in: Ein neues Graukeil-
Photometr fuer Sensitometrie, photographische Kopier-
verfahren und wissenschaftliche Lichtmessungen. Halle - Eder died in Kitzbühel on 18 October 1944.
Jacek Strzałkowski
See also: Sensitometry and Densitometry; and
Kodak.
Further Reading
Fritz, Dworschak, and Otto Krumpel, Dr. Josef Maria Eder. Sein
Leben und Werk. Wien 1955.
Heidtmann, Frank, and Hans-Joachim Biesmann, Rolf H. Kraies,
Die German Photgraphic Literature 1839–1978. Muenchen
1980.
Zahlbrecht, Robert, Josef Maria Eder, Bibliographie. Preface by
Luis Kuhn. Wien 1955.EDINBURGH CALOTYPE CLUB
The calotype process of photography arrived in Scotland
at the time of its invention in 1839 due to the friendship
and shared scientifi c interests of the inventor, William
Henry Fox Talbot, and the Principal of St Andrews
University, Sir David Brewster. However, it was not
just in St Andrews that experimentation with the pro-
cess began but in Edinburgh where it is claimed the
fi rst photographic club in the world was formed: the
Edinburgh Calotype Club.
Brewster was instrumental at the start of the Club
but in addition helped with it activities, not least by
persuading Talbot not to extend his patent for the process
to Scotland in 1841 so that it could be freely used by
the Scottish enthusiasts.
John Miller Gray, the fi rst keeper of the Scottish
National Portrait Gallery, wrote:
Shortly after the fi rst discovery of the Calotype by Talbot,
and its communication by the inventor to Sir David
Brewster, a few Edinburgh gentlemen visited the latter,
saw his set of Calotypes, and were made aware of the
method by which they were produced. On their return
they entered eagerly on the study, and formed a little
Calotype Club...
A references by Brewster in a letter to Talbot dated
5 October 1841 indicates that the Club may have been
active by that time. Despite having Talbot’s instructions,
problems were experienced in producing successful
results by those experimenting with the process. Brew-
ster, in his letter describes the slow progress of Dr John
Adamson with the calotype process in St Andrews but
also states that “diffi culties have been experienced by
several persons in Edinburgh.”
It is Gray that gives an insight into how the Club was
organised when he writes:
The constitution of the Club was of a very frank and infor-
mal kind. The members met at each other’s houses, had a
friendly meal together, exhibited their productions, and
discussed new experiments and their results.
In an obituary to Cosmo Innes, one of the founders
and most active members of the Club, the British Journal
of Photography reported that “the Calotype Club, thus
constituted, continued its pleasant labours throughout
the calotype and waxed paper period.”EDER, JOSEPH MARIA
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