596
photographers, including Cornelius Jabez Hughes, who
drew attention to Goddard’s plight in the photographic
press.
The Goddard appeal launched by Hughes at the
end of 1863 was not limited to the UK. One American
periodical reprinted his article, sparking controversy
over who had invented what, where and when. It must
be remembered that, in the early, days several photog-
raphers working independently may have discovered
much the same things at more or less the same time.
In Goddard’s case secrecy was paramount, on account
of the English patent. Controversy grew to such an
extent that Jabez Hughes felt obliged to address the
matter again. He published articles, each in two parts,
entitled “The Bromine Question and Mr. J. F. Goddard.
Being two chapters connected with the early history
of photography” in several journals. In the fi rst part,
Hughes reveals the existence of Goddard’s sealed
packet deposited with the Royal Society, printing its
contents together with the latter’s recent correspon-
dence with the Society.
Goddard was not destined to benefi t from his Testi-
monial Fund for long. Soon after his death in December
1866, controversy arose over what should become of the
money raised on his behalf. Goddard had made a will
in 1864, when the fund stood at not far short of £400,
and his executor wished to dispose of the remaining
money in accordance therewith. However the Committee
administering the fund took the view that the balance
should be returned to the original subscribers, and this
view prevailed.
The intention had been to provide Goddard with
an annuity, there being insuffi cient confi dence in his
judgment and prudence for him to be entrusted with
the capital. Goddard resisted the annuity, although he
did receive a small income from the fund (previously,
a few well-wishers had supported him to the extent of
each subscribing a guinea a year). As one commenta-
tor put it: “Whatever ability he may have possessed as
a teacher of science, it is certain that he was weak in
commercial matters.”
Raymond Turley
Biography
According to the Parish Register of St. George,
Bloomsbury, John Frederick, son of Thomas and Ann
Goddard, was born on 8 December 1797, and baptized
on 28 January 1798. His mother is probably the Ann
Goddard who died at Chatham, Kent, on 16 Novem-
ber 1828. His father, Thomas (who died in 1842),
was for many years Postmaster there, and had at least
three other sons. John Frederick Goddard died on 28
December 1866, at the Middlesex Hospital, suffering
from acute bronchitis.
Further Reading
Gill, Arthur T., “J.F. Goddard and the Daguerreotype Process,”
Photographic Journal, vol. 106, November 1966, pp. 370–76;
December 1966, pp. 389–95.
Hughes, Jabez, “The Discoverer of the Use of Bromine in Pho-
tography. A few facts and an appeal,” Photographic Journal,
vol. 8, no. 140, 15 December 1863, pp. 417–19.
Hughes, Jabez, “The Bromine Question and Mr J.F. Goddard,”
Photographic News, vol. 8, no. 297, 13 May, 1864, pp. 232–33
(fi rst instalment of a two-part article).
Hughes, Jabez, “To the Subscribers to the Goddard Relief Fund”,
British Journal of Photography, vol. 15, no. 448, 4 December
1868, pp. 582–83.
“Settlement of the Goddard Fund,” British Journal of Photogra-
phy, vol. 15, no. 448, 4 December 1868, p. 576.
Turley, Raymond V., Isle of Wight Photographers, 1840–1940,
Southampton: University of Southampton Libraries, 2001.
Werge, John, The Evolution of Photography, London: Piper and
Carter, 1890 (reprinted New York: Arno, 1973).GODDARD, PAUL BECK (1811–1866)
American physician and photographer
Credited with being the fi rst to introduce bromide in the
sensitizing of daguerreotype plates, Goddard’s improve-
ment greatly reduced exposure times and enabled the
use of daguerreotypy for portraiture. While working as
an assistant in the chemistry department of the medi-
cal college at the University of Pennsylvania, Goddard
collaborated with Robert Cornelius, a metallurgist and
lamp manufacturer, in conducting daguerreotype experi-
ments in the fall of 1839, and by early December of 1839
the two were producing portraits using bromide as an
accelerator. Goddard was Cornelius’s silent partner in
fi rst commercial portrait studio in Philadelphia which
opened in May of 1840, and continued in operation until- Born in Baltimore on January 26, 1811, God-
dard graduated from Washington College (1828) and
the medical college of the University of Pennsylvania
(1832). He practiced in Philadelphia as a physician and
surgeon in addition to serving as professor of anatomy at
Franklin Medical College 1847–1852. He is best known
as an editor of numerous medical books. Goddard was
a member of the American Philosophical Society and
the Academy of Natural Sciences, as well as medical
societies at the local, state and national level. He served
on the Philadelphia Board of Health 1859–1863, and as
a surgeon in the Civil War 1863–1865. He died at his
home in Philadelphia on July 3, 1866.
Jenny Ambrose
GOERZ, CARL PAUL (1854–1923)
His name stood for some of the most advanced tech-
nologies in photographic trade at the end of the 19th
century, and yet he was neither an inventor nor a sci-
entist. Carl Paul Goerz, born in 1854 in Brandenburg,