- Where the Koran and the Sunnah are unclear on a subject, Muslims used
interpretation, “ijtihad”. However the vast majority of Muslims who
know anything about Islam have agreed that “the gates of ijtihad” have
been closed since the tenth century A.D. See Abdullahi Ahmed An-
Na’im, Toward an Islamic Reformation, Syracuse, 1996 , p.27; Malise
Ruthven, Islam, Oxford, 2012, p.90; Clinton Bennett, Muslims and
Modernity, London, 2005, p.21. ↵
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