Timeline of Chapter 4
Cultural/political events Religious events
BCE
400 c. 350 Pa ̄n.ini and Late 4th Early portions of Artha ̄s ́a ̄ stras
systematization of
Sanskrit
327–325 Alexander nears 4th–1st Composition of Dharmasu ̄ tras
Indus river
321 Candragupta founds
Maurya dynasty
300 c. 272/3–232 Reign of As ́ oka 3rd Buddhism “patronized” by state;
early form of stu ̄paat Sarnath
c. 183–173 S ́un.ga dynasty 3rd–1st Sacralization of kings;
c. 181 End of Maurya dynasty development of bhakti: theism,
c. 150 Bactrian Greeks in NW temple, iconography, cult of Kr.s.n.a
2nd Patañjali’s Yogasu ̄ tras?
100 c. 100 Pahlavas in NW 1st Final composition of Ra ̄ma ̄yan.a?
Rise of S ́iva-Rudra and Vis.n.u to
eminence?
CE
c. 78 Founding of S ́aka era 1st Rise of Skanda as a high god
in NW Division of Jains into Digambara
and S ́veta ̄ mbara
100 1st–3rd Kus.a ̄n.as in NW
2nd Gandha ̄ ra/Mathura ̄ art:
anthropomorphic representations
of Buddha
Fourth Buddhist Council: split
between Maha ̄ya ̄ na and Therava ̄ da
schools
Na ̄ga ̄ rjuna and rise of Ma ̄ dhyamika
school of Buddhism
Final systematization of Laws of
Manu?
200
300 c. 313–540 Gupta dynasty 4th–5th Beginnings of Pura ̄n.as;
Flowering of Pañcatantra?
Sanskritic literature, Vaidikaart: temples in stone
drama, poetry Early portions of the Na ̄t.yas ́a ̄ stra