tı ̄rthan.karas-in-process. Not least important, in some schools of Jainism,
rituals were sanctioned which emulated Hindu pu ̄ja ̄in many ways albeit given
a Jain legitimation. Jinasena’sA ̄dipura ̄na(ninth century) seems to have been
the earliest text mentioning such rituals for the Jain laity.^39 In this ritual
tradition, the tı ̄rthan.karaswere depicted in anthropomorphic form and pu ̄ja ̄
(worship) could be directed to them, not to obtain intercession from them
on one’s own behalf, but to honor the tı ̄rthan.kara, attain merit in doing so,
and to find in him a model for one’s own life. Jainism in this form has
survived into the present and has remained particularly strong in portions
of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Recommended reading
History, culture, literature of the post-classical period
South India
Balasundaram, T. S. The Golden Anthology of Ancient Tamil Literature. Three volumes.
Madras: South India Saiva Siddhantha Bombay Publishing Society, 1959–60.
Hart, George L. III. The Poems of Ancient Tamil. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1975.
Pillar, K. K. A Social History of the Tamils. Second edition. Madras: University of Madras,
1973.
Ramanujan, A. K. tr. The Interior Landscape. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University
Press, 1969.
Sastri, K. A. N. History of South India. Madras: Oxford University Press, 1955.
Shulman, D. D. Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian
S ́aiva Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
Stein, Burton. Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Delhi: Oxford University
Press, 1980.
Zvelebil, K. The Smile of Murugan. London: Brill, 1973.
North India
Kulke, Herman. Kings and Cults: State Formations and Legitimation in India and Southeast
Asia. New Delhi: Manohar, 1993.
Thapar, Romila. Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations. New Delhi: Orient
Longman, 1978.
Philosophical developments
Banerjee, N. V. The Spirit of Indian Philosophy. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal,
1958.
116 The Post-classical Period