9 Ibid.: 155, Olivelle translating Cha ̄ndogya Upanis.ad, VI.14. 14. Reprinted by
permission of Oxford University Press.
10 Richard J. Cohen in conversation.
11 Padmanabha Jaini, The Jaina Path of Purification (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1979), p. 37. Prof. Jaini suggests the numbers offered in the
Jaini texts are gross exaggerations; namely, 14,000 monks; 36,000 nuns; 159,000
laymen, and 318,000 laywomen.
12 Richard J. Cohen in conversation. Cohen suggests the contemporary term
“sheth,” generally referring to bankers and sometimes associated with lay Jains
may have derived from this early designation of the “perfect one” (s ́res.t.in).
13 Padmanabha Jaini in conversation.
14 This summation is found in Ainslie Embree, ed., Sources of Indian Tradition, Vol.
I (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 76–78.
15 Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History. Some Interpretations(New Delhi:
Orient Longman, 1978), p. 64.
16 C. A. F. Rhys Davids and K. R. Norman, Trs., eds, Poems of Early Buddhist Nuns
(Oxford: Pali Text Society, 1989), pp. 88–91.
17 Ainslie Embree, op. cit., p. 108, citing V. Trenckner, ed., Milindapañha(London:
Williams and Norgate, 1880), p. 715.
18 The previous discussion is condensed from that in R. H. Robinson and W. Y.
Johnson,The Buddhist Religion(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1996), pp. 58ff.
19 Romila Thapar, A History of India(Baltimore: Penguin, 1966), p. 66.
20 T. O. Ling, A Dictionary of Buddhism(New York: Charles Scribners, 1972),
p. 213 citing the report of a Chinese pilgrim, Hsuan Tsang, in the seventh
centuryCE.
4 The Urban Period
1 N. Q. Pankal, State and Religion in Ancient India(Allahabad: Chugh Publications,
1983), p. 103.
2 Romila Thapar, A History of India. I (London: Penguin Books, 1966), pp. 59 et al.
3 A. L. Basham, The Wonder that was India(New York: Grove Press, 1959), p. 60.
Basham’s book remains a classic for its discussion of this period.
4 Ibid.: 87.
5 Fred W. Clothey, The Many Faces of Murukan(The Hague: Mouton, 1978),
pp. 57ff.
6 Doris Srinivasan, “Vais.n.ava Art and Iconography at Mathura ̄” in D. M.
Srinivasan, ed., Mathura ̄ : The Cultural Heritage(Delhi: American Institute of
Indian Studies, 1989), pp. 388ff., et al.
7 Alf Hiltebeitel, “Kr.s.n.a at Mathura ̄” in Srinivasan, ed., op. cit., p. 98. See also
Hiltebeitel’s “Kr.s.n.a in the Maha ̄bha ̄ rata. A Bibliographical Study” in Annals of the
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Vol. LXI (1979), pp. 65–107.
8 Clothey, 1978, pp. 160ff.
9 Arthur Anthony Macdonnell, A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary(London: Oxford
University Press, 1969).
10 Percy Brown, Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Periods)(Bombay: D. B.
Taraporevala Sms & Co., 1965), plate XII.
11 Ibid.: plate XVIII.
Notes 263