19 For a succinct summation of Advaitin thought, see Karl Potter, Encyclopedia of
Indian Philosophies. Vol. III. Advaita Veda ̄nta up to S ́am.kara and His Pupils(New
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981), pp. 6–7.
20 Ibid.: 103.
21 Ra ̄ma ̄nuja’s thought is explored more deeply in J. Carman, The Theology of
Ra ̄ma ̄nujan(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).
22 Basham, op. cit., pp. 162–63.
23 Romila Thapar, A History of India. I (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1966),
p. 142.
24 Ibid.: 253ff.
25 Herman Kulke, Kings and Cults: State Formations and Legitimation in India and
Southeast Asia(Delhi: Manohar, 1993), pp. 93ff.
26 Wayne Begley, “Hindu Temple” in Joe Elder, ed., Lectures in Indian Civilization
(Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing, 1970), p. 120.
27 Aloka Parasher Sen in conversation.
28 Klaus Klostermaier, in A Survey of Hinduism(Albany: SUNY Press, 1994),
pp. 285–86, summarizes this complex system.
29 Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations(New Delhi:
Orient Longman, 1978), p. 77.
30 This is the suggestion of David Kinsley in The Sword and the Flute: Ka ̄lı ̄ and Kr.s.n.a:
Dark Visions of the Terrible and Sublime in Hindu Mythology(Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1975).
31 See Thomas Coburn, Devı ̄maha ̄tmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition
(Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984).
32 These are Norvin Hein’s speculations in “Comments: Ra ̄dha ̄ and Erotic
Community” in J. Hawley and D. Wulff, eds, The Divine Consort: Ra ̄ dha ̄ and the
Goddesses of India(Boston: Beacon Press, 1986), p. 121.
33 For fuller discussion of the Ra ̄dha ̄ story see Hawley and Wulff, op. cit.
34 There is an extended literature on Ka ̄lı ̄ as well as Durga ̄. The reader may want
to refer first to David Kinsley, Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Feminine in the Hindu
Tradition(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
35 Padmanabha Jaini, “The Disappearance of Buddhism and the Survival of
Jainism in India: A Contrast” in A. K. Narain, ed., Studies in the History of
Buddhism (Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp, 1980) p. 87, citing M. Govinda Pai
“Dharmasthalada S ́iva-lingakke Mañjuna ̄ tha emba lesara nege bantu?” in Samarpan.e,
Felicitation Volume in Honour of Shri Manjayya Heggade (Mangalore, 1950),
pp. 65–77.
36 Jaini, op. cit., p. 86.
37 Ibid.: 84.
38 Ibid.: 85.
39 Ibid.: 90, n. 20.
6 The Coming of Islam
1 For a thorough discussion of the origins and development of Islam, see John
L. Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991);
and Frederick M. Denny, An Introduction to Islam(New York: Macmillan, 1994).
2 Esposito, op. cit., p. 109.266 Notes