GLOSSARY 321Gautama claimed as the result of his
Awakening (see also Tathagata). Later
Buddhist tradition recognized three types
ofBuddhas: samyak-sambuddhas, righdy
self-Awakened teaching Buddhas;
pratyeka-buddhas, "private" Buddhas who
gain Awakening without a teacher but are
unable to formulate teachings to show the
Path to others; and sravaka-buddhas, or
arhants. According to Hinayana theory,
there can be only one samyak-sambuddha
at a time; Gautama is the fourth of our
current era and will be followed by the
final one of the era, Maitreya; also, there
are no pratyeka-buddhas when the teach-
ings of a samyak-sambuddha are still ex-
tant. According to Mahayana theory, there
are innumerable world systems in the cos-
mos; although each may be home to only
one Buddha at a time, they may all con-
tain Buddhas simultaneously (2.1, 5.5].
Buddhology. (1) Theory ofBuddhahood
(1.3, 3.2.1, 4.3, 6.3.2-3.3, 8.5.2, 10.4]. (2)
The academic study ofBuddhism (12.2.1].
Caitya (Cetiya) (in Thai, chedi; in
Burmese, zedi). A memorial shrine, espe-
cially to the Buddha or his disciples, con-
taining relics, sacred objects, or sacred
texts. Buddha-images are also classed as
caityas (2.5, 3.4.5, 7.5.1].
Ch'an (Chinese). The first syllable of the
Chinese word Ch'an-na, which transliter-
ates the Sanskrit dhyana. Originally, this
referred simply to one of several vocations
open to a monastic. During the T' ang
dynasty, several Ch'an lineages developed.
Those that survived into the Sung dynasty
were regarded as "houses" of a more or
less unified Ch'an school (8.5.5].
l)akini. A powerful female deity, capable
of flight, associated with Buddhist and
non-Buddhist Tantric traditions and de-
rived from earlier pre-Aryan Indian folk-
lore (6.3.4].
Dependent co-arising. See pratitya-
samutpada.
Deva. A deity; inhabitant of the heavens
of sensual pleasure (1.4.2].
Deva-yoga. The Tantric ritual whereby
the initiate takes on the identity of a higher
being--in Buddhist cases, a bodhisattva or a
Buddha-thus assuming his/her powers and
knowledge (6.1, 6.3.2, 11.5].
Dharal}i. "Holding"; a spell or incanta-
tion, often formed of syllables from pas-
sages or lists of Dharma-topics and said to
"hold" the power of those topics. Used to
fix the meditator's mind or to invoke a
god or goddess (see mantra) or to generate
benef1cial karma or power [6.3.1].
Dharma (Dhamma). This word has
many meanings in Buddhist texts, depend-
ing on context. Meanings occurring in this
textbook are (1) Dharma, the teaching of
the Buddha; the practice of those teach-
ings; the attainment of nirvatJa as a result of
that practice [1.4.3]; moral law [3.3]; and
(2) dharmas, the basic constituents of all
phenomena, mental or physical, in the
conditioned realm (3.2].
Dharma-kaya. "Dharma-body." In
Hinayana schools, Dharma-kaya denotes
the entirety of the Buddha's teachings; in
Mahayana teachings, Dharma-kaya denotes
the cosmic principle of bodhi embodied by
the Buddha and the principle ofBuddha-
hood innate in all beings (4.3].
Dhyana (Jhana). Meditative absorption;
steady, mindful concentration in a single
physical sensation or mental notion (1.3.5,
2.3.2]. Sometimes used to denote medita-
tion in general, rather than specific states
of absorption.
Duh kha. "Dis-easeful"; usually translated
as suffering, ill, or stressful. One of the
common characteristics of all conditioned
reality; all the suffering that beings experi-
ence in salflsara as a result of avidya, tr$1Ja,
and attachment to the five skandhas (2.3.1].
Guru. Spiritual teacher; mentor.
Hinayana. The Small ("Inferior") Vehi-
cle or Course. The Mahayana pejorative to
denote all Buddhists who rejected the
Mahayana texts and followed the teachings
of the early schools of Buddhism that arose
between the first and fourth centuries after
the death of the Buddha. Hinayanists num-
bered in the majority throughout the his-
tory oflndian Buddhism. Only one
Hinayana sect, Theravada, survives today,
mainly in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
[4.1].
Kami (Japanese). Spirit; charismatic force,
object, or being [10.1].
Karma (Kamma). Intentional act, per-
formed by body, speech, or mind,