GLOSSARY 325Buddhahood that, according to later
Mahayana doctrine, is present in all beings
[4.3].
Terma (Tibetan). Hidden treasure texts
reputedly placed underground, underwa-
ter, in the sky, or in "mind" (conceived as
the Dharmakaya of the Yogacarins) by spiri-
tually advanced beings, and discovered by
later generations [11.2.2].
Theravada (Pali for Sthaviravada). The
Teaching of the Elders. An early Buddhist
sect that became established in Sri Lanka at
the Great Monastery of Anuradhapura
about 240 B.C.E.; later to become the
dominant form of Buddhism in Sri Lanka
and Southeast Asia beginning with the
eleventh century c.E. [7.3].
Theravadin. One who holds to the
teachings of the Elders.
Tripi!aka (Tipi!aka). "Three Baskets";
early Buddhist canon, composed of collec-
tions of Sutras, Vinaya, and Abhidharma.
The Pali Canon is the only complete early
canon still extant. In extended usage, this
term also applies to later comprehensive
collections of Buddhist texts, such as the
Tibetan, Chinese, and Korean Tripi!akas,
even though these collections are not di-
vided into three collections [3.1, 8.6, 9.4,
11.3.2] .•
T~~l}.li (Tal}ha). "Thirst," craving, the
cause of du~kha. Includes craving for sen-
suality, for becoming, and for no-becom-
ing. Because t~~J?.a is the cause for clinging
to the round of sa111sara, it must be aban-
doned to gain nirvat;~a [1.4.3, 2.3.1].
Tillk!u (Tibetan). The reincarnation of a
spiritually advanced person, usually a lama,
who on maturity resumes the office of
his/her previous incarnation. In some
cases, the tillk:u is regarded as the nirmat;~a
kaya of a bodhisattva [11.3.4].
Uji (Japanese). Clan; tribe [10.1].
Upani~ad. Sanskrit speculative texts, the
earliest of which were roughly contem-
poraneous with early Buddhism; later ac-
cepted into orthodox Brahmanism and
Hinduism [1.2].
Vajra. Diamond; thunderbolt. A symbol
of unfettered spiritual power used by the
Vajrayana to denote both the means of the
practice, in which the vajra stands for firm
compassion, and the goal, in which the
Vajra Realm stands for the ground of all
Buddhahood [6.3.2].
Vajrayana. Adamantine (Diamond)
Vehicle or Course. Path of bodhisattva
practice, originally formulated in approxi-
mately the seventh century C.E., based
primarily on Yoga and Unexcelled Yoga
Tantras, claiming to be faster and more
direct, if somewhat riskier, than older
Mahayana practices [6.1, 6.3].
Vihara. Monastic residence.
Vinaya. Monastic discipline.
Vinaya Pi!aka. Collection of texts con-
taining rules for monastic discipline in-
cluded in the early canons [3.1.2].
Vipasyana (Vipassana). Insight. This
term covers (1) particular forms of medita-
tion that are said to provoke insight into
the three characteristics of anitya, du~kha,
and anatman, and (2) the insight itself
[2.3.1].
Wat (Thai). Temple-monastery complex
[7.5.1].
Wings to Awakening (in Sanskrit, bod-
hipak~ya-dharma; in Pali, bodhipakkhiya-
dhamma). Seven sets of dharmas, totaling
37 factors in all, which early canons say
constitute the essential part of Buddha's
teaching that would have to be practiced
and maintained intact in order to keep his
message alive: (1) the four foundations of
mindfulness, (2) the four right exertions,
(3) the four bases for attainment, (4) the
five strengths, (5) the five faculties, (6) the
seven factors of Awakening, and (7) the
Noble Eightfold Path [2.3.1, 2.5].
Y ogacara. "Yoga practice." Mahayana
school of meditative practice and the syn-
cretic scholastic theories that developed
around that practice [4.3].
Y ogacarin. Follower of the Yogacara
school.
Yogin (feminine, yogim). Practitioner of
yoga and meditative self-discipline.
Zen (Japanese). Japanese pronunciation of
the Chinese Ch'an [10.5.1, 10.7].