Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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Locators in boldface indicate main entries. Locators followed by f indicate fi gures. Locators followed by m indicate maps.

A abacus inventions 603 numbers and counting 804 abakweta ceremony 189 Aborigines agriculture 33 climate and geography 252 drama and theater 333 government organization 523–524 weaponry and armor 1166 About the Ocean (Pytheas of Massilia) 443 Abraham cities 213 migration and population movements 699 absenteeism 427 Abu Ghurob temple 58–59 Abu Hureyra 1088–1089 Abu Simbel architecture 58, 59f building techniques and materials 153 climate and geography 243 f hymn 1185f Abusir papyrus 347 Abyssinia. See Ethiopia abzu 211 Achaemenid Dynasty agriculture 29 architecture 64 art 100 ceramics and pottery 179

craft s 289 death and burial practices 315 economy 354 empires and dynasties 400 government organization 518–519 illumination 587 language 612, 613 numbers and counting 801 t ra nspor tat ion 1114f war and conquest 1134 weaponry and armor 1164, 1165 Acqua Marcia aqueduct 261 acrophonic system 803 Acropolis 159 actors 328, 332, 335–337 acupuncture 550 Adena culture architecture 87 burial mounds 119 education 386 empires and dynasties 418–419 religion and cosmology 862–863 textiles and needlework 1084 trade and exchange 1108 Admonitions of Ipuwer, Th e literature 645 social collapse and aban- donment 1000 adobe bricks 162 Adoptive Emperors Era (Rome) 416 adornment 3–15 Africa 4 Americas 13f Asia and the Pacifi c 8–9, 8f children 195–197 Egypt 4–6, 5f Europe 9–11, 10f

Greece 11–12 , 11f Middle East 6–7, 7f Rome 12–13, 12f adultery crime and punishment 297, 298 family 449, 450 gender structures and roles 498 adulthood children 187–189 education 376–377 festivals 468 gender structures and roles 493 social organization 1016 adze 810f aedes 906 aediles 532 Aegean Islands agriculture 33, 35 climate and geography 260 migration and population movements 711 mining, quarrying, and salt making 747 Aegean Sea climate and geography 258 seafaring and navigation 958 f Aegina Island 260 Aeneid (Virgil) empires and dynasties 390 literature 663, 674 aeolipyle 433 aerarium 368 aerarium militare 370 Aeschines 919–920 Aeschylus drama and theater 334, 335 literature 659 Aesculapius 554 Aesir 851–852

Aesop 660 Afanasevo people 703, 704 Africa. See also North Africa; sub-Saharan Africa adornment 4 agriculture 16–20, 17f architecture 53–56 art 88–93, 90f astronomy 124 borders and frontiers 14 0 –141 building techniques and materials 150–152, 151f calendars and clocks 163– 165, 16 4f ceramics and pottery 174–176, 175f children 187–189, 188f cities 202–205 climate and geography 234, 235–238, 236f, 269–270 clothing and footwear 272–274, 273f craft s 285–286 crime and punishment 296–297 death and burial practices 312–313, 312f drama and theater 328– 329 economy 342–346 education 376–377 empires and dynasties 388–391, 422–423 employment and labor 425–426 exploration 436–437 family 447–449 festivals 462–463, 463f food and diet 472–474, 473 f foreigners and barbarians 483–484

Index

1235-1286_SocCultAnctWrld-v4_idx1235 1235 10/10/07 3:32:20 PM

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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