Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

Index 1263

Masinissa 509 masks art 120 craft s 285 death and burial practices 320 drama and theater 335, 337 f masons 808 massacres 731 Massalia 219 mass burials 315 mass graves 318 mastabas building techniques and materials 153 death and burial practices 314 empires and dynasties 392 masturbation 498 mathematics education 377, 379 numbers and counting 798–806 science 927–930, 934, 935, 938, 944, 947–948 sports and recreation 1047–1048 weights and measures 1178 mats craft s 287–288 household goods 563, 570 occupations 811 Mauretania government organization 509–510 money and coinage 752 Maurya Dynasty art 101, 102 borders and frontiers 144 economy 355, 358–359 empires and dynasties 402 employment and labor 430 government organization 523 inventions 598 money and coinage 757 numbers and counting 802 resistance and dissent 875 roads and bridges 887 war and conquest 1139 weights and measures 1176 mausoleums 317, 321 Maximian (emperor of Rome) 417 Maya civilization agriculture 46–47 architecture 84–85 art 120 calendars and clocks 172–173 ceramics and pottery 186 children 198 cities 202

climate and geography 266, 267 clothing and footwear 283 drama and theater 339 economy 373–375 empires and dynasties 420–421 employment and labor 434–435 family 458 government organization 537 health and disease 555– 556 household goods 570 language 620 laws and legal codes 630–631 literature 666 military 736 mining, quarrying, and salt making 750 music and musical instruments 773 occupations 818 religion and cosmology 864–865 resistance and dissent 881–882 roads and bridges 892 scandals and corruption 918–919 slaves and slavery 994–995 social organization 1043 sports and recreation 1057 storage and preservation 1071 towns and villages 1095 war and conquest 1154 weaponry and armor 1171–1172 weights and measures 1182 Ma Yuan 441 measurements, accurate. See also weights and measures numbers and counting 797 science 927, 929 meat. See also organ meats food and diet 473, 475, 476, 479, 481 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 571 storage and preservation 1068 mechanics 940 Medes people empires and dynasties 400 migration and population movements 702 medical instruments 601 medical sects 943 medical texts adornment 13 health and disease 549

pandemics and epidemics 821 science 931 medical training 944 medicine. See also health and disease education 377 inventions 594 pandemics and epidemics 827–828 science 924, 926, 930–931, 936, 940–942, 949 medicine men 545 medicine wheels 134 Medijay people 727 Medinet Habu cities 208 settlement patterns 964 Mediterranean climate zone 261, 264 Mediterranean evergreen zone 252 Mediterranean Sea and region borders and frontiers 141 climate and geography 262–264 exploration 436 seafaring and navigation 952 trade and exchange 1097, 1102–1103, 1104f Medjay people 789 Medūm 314 megalith astronomy 124 inventions 594 sacred sites 898, 902 megalithic construction building techniques and materials 158 calendars and clocks 169 mining, quarrying, and salt making 746 religion and cosmology 849 megalithic culture 145 megalithic sculptures 864 megalithic tombs 318 Megiddo, battle of 1129 mehen 1049–1050 Mehrgarh 218 Mehturt. See Hathor Temple Mekong River climate and geography 250 settlement patterns 968 Melanesia 251 Memphis cities 206–207 climate and geography 239, 241–242 Memphite Drama 330 men clothing and footwear 272, 274, 279 crime and punishment 298

drama and theater 335 family 448–450, 454 food and diet 481 gender structures and roles 493, 494, 496, 497, 499, 501, 502 government organization 531 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 573, 578, 581 music and musical instruments 764 occupations 808, 809, 812, 816 social organization 1016, 1017, 1020, 1030, 1040 sports and recreation 1056 men (board game) 1049 Menander drama and theater 334, 335 literature 659 Mende people 189 Menengai, Mount 776 Menes (king of Egypt) cities 206 crime and punishment 297 empires and dynasties 392 writing 1183 Mengwe people 1153–1154 menhirs 902 Mentuhotep I (king of Egypt) 393 Mentuhotep II (king of Egypt) art 94 empires and dynasties 393 mercenaries foreigners and barbarians 485 government organization 509 migration and population movements 714 military 727, 733 occupations 815 war and conquest 1149 Mercenary Revolt 871 merchants economy 355, 356 employment and labor 429 foreigners and barbarians 484 occupations 815, 817 trade and exchange 1099 merchant ships 977–978, 978f, 982, 983 Merenre (king of Egypt) 485 meret 986 Merneptah (king of Egypt) 427 Merneptah stela 789 Meroë architecture 55 art 91 cities 204

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Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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