Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

Index 1285

wheelbarrows inventions 598 t ra nspor tat ion 1116 wheeled vehicles 1113–1114 wheelhouses 70 wheels inventions 597, 600 t ra nspor tat ion 1110, 1114, 1115, 1117 wheelwrights craft s 291 t ra nspor tat ion 1114 White Nile 239 White Temple architecture 62 cities 212 Wicklow Pipes 768 wicks, lamp 585, 588, 589 widows 455–456 wild animal shows 1055 wind 952, 954 wind instruments 762–763, 765, 768–769, 772, 773 windows 584–586, 589 wine agriculture 38, 40, 42, 45 climate and geography 256 food and diet 474–476, 480 migration and population movements 718 Winged Victory at Samothra- ce 112–113 winnowing agriculture 22 occupations 809 winter 467 wisdom literature children 190 literature 643, 645 woad 9 women. See also gender structures and roles clothing and footwear 272, 274–275, 278, 281, 282 craft s 290, 295 crime and punishment 298 economy 351, 364–365 employment and labor 426, 428, 434 family 447–450, 452, 454, 456 food and diet 473, 480, 481 government organization 522 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 571, 573, 578, 581 music and musical instruments 764 occupations 808–812, 816 religion and cosmology 848 social organization 1016, 1017, 1020–1022, 1024, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1036, 1039, 1040 sports and recreation 1056

textiles and needlework 1081 war and conquest 1123, 1133, 1142 wood and woodworking art 88, 96 building techniques and materials 150, 156, 158 craft s 285, 286, 288, 290– 292, 294 household goods 563, 564, 567, 570 seafaring and navigation 954 weaponry and armor 1167 Woodlands Indians 185 Woodlands Period (Americas) a r t 118–119 craft s 295 education 386 empires and dynasties 418–419 foreigners and barbarians 490 government organization 538–539 wool clothing and footwear 274, 276, 279, 281 textiles and needlework 1077, 1079–1083 Woolley, Leonard 213 work. See labor; occupations workers’ villages 207–208 working class 349 Works and Days (Hesiod) agriculture 36 astronomy 129 calendars and clocks 170 employment and labor 431–432 literature 656, 657 pandemics and epidemics 826 scandals and corruption 915 workshops 432 wrestling 1047, 1049–1052 writing systems xxvi–xxvii, 1183–1193 Africa 1183–1184 Americas 1192 Asia and the Pacifi c 1187– 1188 Egypt 1184–1185 Europe 1188–1189 Greece 1189–1190 Middle East 1185–1187 Rome 1190–1192 Wu Ti (emperor of China) education 380, 381 exploration 440–441 government organization 521 Wu Wang (emperor of China) 429

X xenia 1032 Xenophanes of Colophon 658 Xenophon agriculture 36 economy 365 education 380 government organization 539–540 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 579 military 738–739 Xerxes I (king of Persia) economy 354 empires and dynasties 401, 411 migration and population movements 702 money and coinage 755 roads and bridges 886, 890 t ra nspor tat ion 1118 Xhosa people 189 Xia Dynasty empires and dynasties 403 sports and recreation 1052 Xibeigang 217 Xinglong 356 Xiongnu tribe economy 357 government organization 521–522 language 614 nomadic and pastoral soci- eties 791 social organization 1027 war and conquest 1136, 1137 xoanons 293

Y Yahweh 844 yakshi 102 Yale Culinary Tablets 575, 576 Ya m ato D y n a s t y government organization 522 resistance and dissent 875 yams 19 Yanbulaq culture 704 Yangtze River agriculture 30 climate and geography 249 settlement patterns 968 Yaws 828, 829 Yax Nuun Ayin 323 Yayoi Pe r io d art 104 ceramics and pottery 179 death and burial practices 317 employment and labor 430 government organization 522 weaponry and armor 1166

year, length of 127, 128 Year of Four Emperors 1006 Ye h a 53 Yellow River 968 Yellow River people 1090 Yellow River Valley agriculture 30, 31 cities 216 climate and geography 249 clothing and footwear 277 economy 355–356 Yellow Turban Rebellion pandemics and epidemics 824 resistance and dissent 874 war and conquest 1137 yi (military strategy game) 1052 yin and yang architecture 67 gender structures and roles 497, 498 health and disease 550 religion and cosmology 848 science 932 Yin Fu Ching 557–558 Yinxu 216–217 Yo r u b a p e o p l e clothing and footwear 274 crime and punishment 297 family 448 inventions 594 laws and legal codes 622 numbers and counting 798 science 925 Younger Dryas 255 yo-yo 598 Yucatán peninsula 266–267 Yuezhi people 705 Yukon 264–265

Z Zagros Mountains climate and geography 244 nomadic and pastoral soci- eties 790 trade and exchange 1099 Zapotec culture architecture 85 art 120 cities 232 empires and dynasties 419 government organization 537 social organization 1042– 1043 writing 1192 Zeus statue at Olympia 112 Zhang Daoling 848–849

1235-1286_SocCultAnctWrld-v4_idx1285 1285 10/10/07 3:32:28 PM

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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