FURTHER READING
Alfred S. Bradford, With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of
Warfare in the Ancient World (Westport, Conn.: Praeger,
2001).
John Carman and Anthony Harding, eds., Ancient Warfare: Ar-
chaeological Perspectives (Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 1999).
Peter Connolly, Greece and Rome at War (Hong Kong: Prentice-
Hall, 1981).
Arthur Cotterell, Chariot: From Chariot to Tank, the Astounding
Rise and Fall of the World’s First War Machine (Woodstock,
N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2004).
Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker, eds., The Reader’s Com-
panion to Military History (New York: Houghton Miff lin,
1996).
Pierre Ducrey, Warfare in Ancient Greece, trans. Janet Lloyd (New
York: Schocken Books, 1986).
Dave Eggenberger, An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of over
1,560 Battles from 1579 b.c. to the Present (New York: Dover
Publications, 1985).
Katie Emblem et al., eds., Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval War-
fare (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1998).
Clive Foss and David Winfi eld, Byzantine Fortifi cations: An Intro-
duction (Pretoria: University of South Africa Press, 1986).
Yvon Ga rla n, War in the Ancient World (London: Chatto and Win-
dus, 1975).
Adrian Goldsworthy, Roman Warfare (London: Cassell and Co.,
2002).
Andrea Gnirs, “Ancient Egypt,” in War and Society in the An-
cient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe,
and Mesoamerica, ed. Kurt Raafl aub and Nathan Rosenstein
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999).
Victor D. Hanson, Th e Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical
Greece, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
Ross Hassig, War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1992).
John Keegan, A History of Warfare (New York: Random House,
1993).
Lawrence H. Keeley, War be fore Civ iliz ation (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1996).
Lawrence Keppie, Th e Making of the Roman Army (New York:
Barnes and Noble, 1984).
John F. Lazenby, Th e Spartan Army (Warminster, U.K.: Aris and
Phillips, 1985).
Daithi O’Hogain, Celtic Warriors: Th e Armies of One of the First
Great Peoples in Europe (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999).
Daniel Pipes, Slave Soldiers and Islam: Th e Genesis of a Military Sys-
tem (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981).
John Rich and Graham Shipley, eds., War and Society in the Roman
Worl d (London and New York: Routledge, 1993).
Michael M. Sage, Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook (London
and New York: Routledge, 1996).
Alan R. Schulman, “Military Organization in Pharaonic Egypt,” in
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson (New
York: Scribner’s, 1995).
Ian Shaw, “Battle in Ancient Egypt: Th e Triumph of Horus or the
Cutting Edge of the Temple Economy?” in Battle in Antiquity,
ed. Alan Lloyd (London: Duckworth in association with the
Classical Press of Wales, 1996).
Hans Van Wees, Greek Warfare: Myth and Reality (London: Duck-
worth, 2004).
Graham Webster, Th e Roman Imperial Army, 3rd ed. (Totowa, N.J.:
Barnes and Noble, 1985).their command; which is also observed when they go to
fi ght, and thereby they turn themselves about on the
sudden, when there is occasion for making sallies, as
they come back when they are recalled in crowds also.- Now when they are to go out of their camp, the
trumpet gives a sound, at which time nobody lies still,
but at the fi rst intimation they take down their tents,
and all is made ready for their going out; then do the
trumpets sound again, to order them to get ready for
the march; then do they lay their baggage suddenly
upon their mules, and other beasts of burden, and
stand, as at the place of starting, ready to march;
when also they set fi re to their camp, and this they do
because it will be easy for them to erect another camp,
and that it may not ever be of use to their enemies.
Th en do the trumpets give a sound the third time that
they are to go out, in order to excite those that on any
account are a little tardy, that so no one may be out of
his rank when the army marches. Th en does the crier
stand at the general’s right hand, and asks them thrice,
in their own tongue, whether they be now ready to go
out to war or not? To which they reply as often, with
a loud and cheerful voice, saying, “We are ready.” And
this they do almost before the question is asked them:
they do this as fi lled with a kind of martial fury, and
at the same time that they so cry out, they lift up their
right hands also....- Th is account I have given the reader, not so much
with the intention of commending the Romans, as
of comforting those that have been conquered by
them, and for the deterring others from attempting
innovations under their government. Th is discourse of
the Roman military conduct may also perhaps be of use
to such of the curious as are ignorant of it, and yet have
a mind to know it. I return now from this digression.
From: Flavius Josephus, Th e Complete
Works of the Learned and Authentic Jewish
Historian, Flavius Josephus, Vol. 3, Th e
Jewish War, trans. William Whiston
(London: J. G. Murdoch, 1870?).(cont inues)740 Military: further reading