BRUSSELS 127onisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of
each is the condition for the free development of all.'^58The third section of the Communist Manifesto contained criticism of
three types of socialism - reactionary, bourgeois and Utopian. The first
was a feudal socialism preached by the aristocracy to revenge themselves
on the bourgeoisie who had supplanted them as the ruling class. Hand-
in-hand with feudal socialism went Christian socialism which Marx simply
dismissed as 'the holy water with which the priest consecrates the heart-
burnings of the aristocrat'.^159 The second type - petty-bourgeois socialism- was chiefly represented by the French economist Sismondi. This school
had well analysed the contradictions inherent in modern methods of
production; but in its positive proposals it was reactionary, wishing to
restore corporate guilds in manufacture and patriarchal relations in agri-
culture. The third party, labelled by Marx reactionary socialists, were the
'true' socialists. These were the German philosophers (mainly the fol-
lowers of Feuerbach) who had emasculated French socialism by turning
it into a metaphysical system. This was inevitable in an economically
backward country like Germany where ideas tended not to reflect the
struggle of one class with another. These philosophers thus claimed to
represent '... not true requirements, but the requirements of Truth; not
the interests of the proletariat, but the interests of Human Nature, of
Man in general, who belongs to no class, has no reality, who exists only
in the misty realm of philosophical fantasy.'^160
In the Manifesto's review of socialist and communist literature the
second section - devoted to bourgeois socialism - was short. Proudhon
was the main representative of this tendency and Marx had already
devoted considerable space to examining his theories. Here he confined
himself to observing that 'the Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages
of modern social conditions without the struggles and dangers necessarily
resulting therefrom. They desire the existing state of society minus its
revolutionary and distintegrating elements. They wish for a bourgeoisie
without a proletariat.'^161 Thus the reforms advocated by these socialists
in no respect affected the relations between capital and labour, but they
did at least lessen the cost and simplify the administrative work of bour-
geois government.
The final school discussed was the 'critical-Utopian' school represented
by such writers as Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen. It originated during
the early, inchoate period of the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat. These writers had perceived class antagonisms; but in their
time the proletariat was still insufficiently developed to be a credible force
for social change. Hence they wished to attain their ends by peaceful