CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION-CABLE FORMULAS 261

wherewchannel length, in (mm), in transverse directionon girder flange; and
Bcyclic variable4.0 for 100,000 cycles, 3.0 for 500,000 cycles, 2.4
for 2 million cycles, and 2.1 for over 2 million cycles.

For welded studs (with height/diameter ratio H/d4):

(10.47)

wheredstud diameter, in (mm); and
cyclic variable13.0 for 100,000 cycles, 10.6 for 500,000 cycles,
7.85 for 2 million cycles, and 5.5 for over 2 million cycles.

Required pitchof shear connectors is determined by dividing the allowable
range of horizontal shear of all connectors at one section Zr, kip (kN), by the
horizontal range of shear Sr, kip per linear in (kN per linear mm).

NUMBER OF CONNECTORS IN BRIDGES

The ultimate strength of the shear connectors is checked by computation of the
number of connectors required from

(10.48)

whereNnumber of shear connectors between maximum positive moment and
end supports
Suultimate shear connector strength, kip (kN) [see Eqs. (10.1) and (10.2)
that follow and AASHTO data]
reduction factor0.85
Pforce in slab, kip (kN)

N

P

Su

Zrd^2

TABLE 10.5 Ratio of Moduli of Elasticity of

Steel and Concrete for Bridges

for

concrete

2.0–2.3 11

2.4–2.8 10

2.9–3.5 9

3.6–4.5 8

4.6–5.9 7

6.0 and over 6

n

Es

Ec

fc