CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 309

(12.53)

wherehLlosses in head, ft (m), between 1 and 2.
By assuming V 1 0, setting h 1 h 2 h, and using a coefficient of dis-
chargeCto account for losses, the following formula is obtained:

QCa 2 g h (12.54)

V 2 

B

2 gh 1 h 2 

V^21

2 g

hL

1

h

Cc

2

X

Y

FIGURE 12.8 Fluid jet takes a parabolic path.

h 1

2

1

h 2

∆h

FIGURE 12.9 Discharge through a submerged orifice.