CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 349

Utotal uplift force

Halgebraic summation of all active horizontal forces

Valgebraic summation of all active vertical forces

Malgebraic summation of all moments

zvertical normal stress

 1 first principal stress

 2 second principal stress

!zyhorizontal and vertical shearing stress

angle made by downstream face with vertical

angle made by upstream face with vertical

aratio of acceleration due to earthquake forces to the acceleration of

gravity

fsliding factor

fcoefficient of maximum static friction between two surfaces

qunit shear resistance of foundation material

Qshear-friction factor of safety

F 8

F 3

F 5

H

F 6

F 4

F 1 F 6

F 8

F 2

F 7

Max water surface

Tailwater surface

R

U

FIGURE 12.29 External forces acting on gravity dam. (Davis—Handbook of Hydraulics
McGraw-Hill.)