Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture: practices, sustainability and implications

Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture – Practices, sustainability and implications: a global synthesis 29

more sustainable. However, it is increasingly recognized that the long-term future of
the aquaculture industry is entirely dependent on sustainably managed fisheries and
that change is needed to take this into full account.

TABLE 11
Summary of principles, criteria and corresponding indicators of feed fisheries sustainability
Principle Criterion (C) Indicator

1. Fishing pressure and sustainability

1.1 High productivity of stock

maintained

a) Level of understanding of species and stock biology

b) Knowledge of fishing methods, effort and mortality

c) Existence of acceptable reference points

d) Existence of defined harvest strategy

e) Robust and regular assessment of stocks

f) Stocks are at an appropriate precautionary reference level

1.2 Fishery is able to rebuild stock to a predefined level within a specific time frame

1.3 Reproductive capacity of

stock maintained

a) Information on fecundity and recruitment dynamics

b) Information on stock age/sex structure

c) Evidence of changes in reproductive capacity

2. Structure, productivity, function and diversity of dependent ecosystem

2.1 Natural functional

relationships among species

maintained without ecosystem

state changes

a) Understanding of ecosystem factors relevant to target species

b) General risk factors known and understood

c) Impacts of gear use and loss known

d) Ecosystem management strategy developed

e) Ecosystem assessment shows no unacceptable impacts

2.2 Fishery does not threaten

biodiversity

a) Level of knowledge and implications of interactions

b) Management objectives set for impact identification/avoidance

2.3 Recovery of non-target

species populations permitted

a) Information on necessary changes to allow appropriate recovery

b) Management measures permit adaptive change to fishing

c) Management measures allow recovery of affected populations

3. Information, organizational and legislative capacity for sustainable management

3.1 Management

system criteria

C2 a) Clearly defined institutional and operational framework

C1, 2, 3 b) Clear legal basis for management system

C2, 5, 7 c) A consultative and dispute resolution strategy and pathways in place

C6 d) Subsidies or incentives exist that affect fishing practices

C8 e) Adequate, operational research plan to address information needs

C7, 9, 10 f) Monitoring and evaluation system for fisheries management objectives

C11 g) Control mechanisms for enabling and enforcing management objectives

3.2 Operational

criteria

C12, 13 a) Operational mechanisms to reduce impacts on habitats and non-target

species

C14, 15 b) Measures to discourage operational wastes and destructive practices

C16 c) Fishers aware of/compliant with managerial, administrative and legal

requirements

C17 d) Fishers involved in catch, discard and other relevant data collection

4. Economic and social considerations

4.1 The needs of fisheries-

dependent communities, historic

rights and cultures respected

a) Does not impact resource availability or access, directly or indirectly

b) Fisheries and fishers demonstrate understanding and sensitivity to

traditional practices and ways of life

4.2 Fishery and market operate

under natural conditions

a) Fishery operates in an economically efficient manner

b) Product trade is not artificially favoured by trade barriers or

protectionism

4.3 Labour conditions conform

to International Labour

Organization (ILO) standards

a) Freedom from enforced labour

b) Freedom of association and collective bargaining

c) No discrimination of individuals and organizations

d) Non-use of child labour

4.4 Fishery does not prejudice

food security

a) Pricing structure operates within market norm

b) Supply operates within market norm

Source: Huntington (2004)