cases: acc. 18; dat. 19; dat. of advantage 19.2;
dat. of disadvantage 19.3; gen. 20; nom.
17; case of the relative pronoun 10.3; the
case system 16–21
cause 82; causing danger 82.2b; different
effects 82.3; general causes 82.2a; having
an effect 82.3; having consequences 82.3c;
interdependence 82.5; linking cause and
effect 82.1; tracing events hack to their
causes 82.4
ceasing to exist 70.4
celebrating 66.8
certainty 88; degree of certainty 88.1; really did
happen 35.8
change 76.8d
changed 76.8f
changing data 75.9; situations 76.8d; the law
76.8d
character of people 74.4
claiming to do sth. 35.6, 85.1, 93.1
clauses: main clauses 5–6; relative clauses 10;
subordinate clause 5.2, 8.1, 8.5; after
introductory words like ja 5.3
closing words 121.3
cold: I am cold 19.9, 42.3k
collective nouns: gen. after collective nouns
20.2; with prefix ge- 25.5
colloquial speech 58.2–4
colons 59.5b
comma before extended infinitive clauses 8.7;
separating subordinate clauses 8.1; for
separating dependent clauses 59.5; in
numbers 59.5d
commanding 86.1
commands: word order 7; see imperative
commemorating 102.2
commiserating 65; bereavement 65.3
commitment 86.2: being liable 86.2g–h;
different types of obligation 86.2f;
expressing and inquiring about obligation
86.2; of a less binding nature 86.2i
communication strategies: fillers 116; keeping
the channel open 117; linguistic cues
118; searching for the right word 116.2;
trying to describe sth. 116.3–4; turn-
taking 120
comparative 48.1; forms 48.2, 48.4
comparison of adjectives 48 (positive/
comparative/superlative) 48.6, 51.2;
comparing 105.2
comparison of adverbs (positive/comparative/
superlative) 51; for gern/lieber/am
liebsten see also likes and dislikes 104.2
and indicating preferences 105
complaining 94; complaining rudely 94.2c;
criticising 104.1; demanding one’s rights
94.3; making complaints 94.2; putting sb.
right in a polite way 94.1; taking a
complaint to court 94.2d
completion of verbs 42; of an action 76.9c
complimenting 64; responding to
compliments 64.2
compliments slip 60.9
compound nouns 26.1; forming compound
nouns 54.1–3
concluding 83; consequences 83.2; from
evidence 83.1
conditionals 39.7c, 39.8
conditional actions or states: expressing 39.2,
89; when it can and is likely to be fulfilled
89.3
condolence 65.3a, b
congratulation 66.7
conjunctions: co-ordinating 6.1; subordinating
8.2–3
consequence 82.4; of action 83.2
consoling 65.2
consonants 3
consumption 71.8; of energy 75.5c
contractions (abbreviated prepositional forms)
18.3, 19.4
contradicting 109b, 117.1, 120.4 (see also
disagreement); see also doch
convictions 108
co-ordinating conjunctions 6.1
cost 75.8e
could have/would have/should have done
35.8
countries and the article 23.2d; article before
23.2
court (taking a complaint to court) 94.2; see
legal
covering distance 80.4
criticising 104.1da (since/because) 8.3, 79.1; (there) 80.2
da + preposition (da- compounds) 32, 38.2,
50.5–6; dabei 76.6; 114.1a; daher 79.2,
83.2; damit 8.3, 79.2, 83.2
Dank 20.7
danke 63.3c; 67
darum 50.6, 83.2
das as definite article 22; as demonstrative
10.5Index