- Termination risk, that is, the likelihood that the hedge will fail to be highly ef-
fective - P&L ineffectiveness risk, resulting from an imperfect hedge of the underlying
hedged item - Forecast error risk related to cash flow hedging of probable forecasts, where the
derivative gain/loss on any error forecast error amount is immediately recog-
nized in income
Necessarily, certain issues cannot be covered in this chapter. The most important
issue concerns bifurcating derivatives that are embedded in host contracts, although
the main elements are discussed in Section 19.4. Three other major areas not covered
are the disclosure requirements, which are listed in Paragraphs 44–47 (this and all
subsequent Paragraph references refer to paragraphs in FAS 133 per the amended De-
cember 10, 2001, Green Book); the substantial body of DIG issues involving com-
modity hedging; and taxes. Regarding the latter, all cash flow and net investment
hedges must be tax-effected per FAS 130 and there are numerous FAS 133 book–U.S.
tax differences. The Sources and Suggested References Section lists an article by
Peter Connors that is an excellent introduction to the tax issues.
19.4 DERIVATIVE DEFINITION. Per FAS 133, Paragraph 6, a derivative is a “fi-
nancial instrument or other contract with all three of the following characteristics:
a.It has (1) one or more underlyings and (2) one or more notional amounts or
payment provisions, or both. These terms determine the amount of the settle-
ment or settlements, and in some cases, whether or not a settlement is required.
b.It requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller
than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to
have a similar response to changes in market factors.
c.Its terms require or permit net settlement. It can be readily settled net by a
means outside the contract, or it provides for delivery of an asset that puts the
recipient in a position not substantially different from net settlement.”An underlying is a specified interest rate, security price, commodity price, foreign
exchange rate, index of prices or rates, or other variable. A notional amount is the
face or principal value of the instrument. Examples of derivatives include: FX for-
ward contracts, FX options, interest rate caps and collars, interest rate swaps, forward
rate agreements, cross-currency interest rate swaps, and so on.
However, there are a number of exceptions as to what qualifies as a “FAS 133 de-
rivative.” These are listed in Paragraph 10 and include:
- “Regular-way” security trades, that is, normal security trades executed on an ex-
change - Normal purchase and sales contracts involving the sale or purchase of some-
thing other than a financial instrument - Certain insurance contracts
- Certain financial guarantee contracts
- Certain contracts not traded on an exchange, such as a weather-related derivative
- Derivatives that serve as impediments to sales accounting
19.4 DERIVATIVE DEFINITION 19 • 5