0390435333.pdf

Feist−Feist: Theories of

Personality, Seventh

Edition

II. Psychodynamic

Theories

3. Adler: Individual
   Psychology

(^102) © The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2009
Key Terms and Concepts

• People begin life with both an innate striving force and physical
  deficiencies, which combine to produce feelings of inferiority.


• These feelings stimulate people to set a goalof overcoming their
  inferiority.


• People who see themselves as having more than their share of physical
  deficiencies or who experience a pampered or neglected style of life
  overcompensatefor these deficiencies and are likely to have exaggerated
  feelings of inferiority, strive for personal gain, and set unrealistically high
  goals.


• People with normal feelings of inferiority compensatefor these feelings by
  cooperating with others and developing a high level of social interest.


• Social interest,or a deep concern for the welfare of other people, is the
  sole criterion by which human actions should be judged.


• The three major problems of life—neighborly love, work,and sexual
  love—can only be solved through social interest.


• All behaviors, even those that appear to be incompatible, are consistent
  with a person’s final goal.


• Human behavior is shaped neither by past events nor by objective reality,
  but rather by people’s subjective perceptionof a situation.


• Heredity and environment provide the building material of personality, but
  people’s creative power is responsible for their style of life.


• All people, but especially neurotics, make use of various safeguarding
  tendencies—such as excuses, aggression, and withdrawal—as conscious or
  unconscious attempts to protect inflated feelings of superiority against
  public disgrace.


• The masculine protest—the belief that men are superior to women—is a
  fiction that lies at the root of many neuroses, both for men and for women.


• Adlerian therapy uses birth order, early recollections,and dreamsto foster
  courage, self-esteem, and social interest.

96 Part II Psychodynamic Theories

On the six dimensions of a concept of humanity listed in Chapter 1, we rate

Adler very high on free choice and optimism;very low on causality;moderate on un-

conscious influences;and high on social factorsand on the uniquenessof individu-

als. In summary, Adler held that people are self-determining social creatures, for-

ward moving and motivated by present fictions to strive toward perfection for

themselves and society.