The Foundations of Chemistry

OUTLINE

12-1 Comparison of Solids, Liquids,

and Gases

12-2 Composition of the Atmosphere

and Some Common Properties

of Gases

12-3 Pressure

12-4 Boyle’s Law: The Volume–

Pressure Relationship

12-5 Charles’s Law: The Volume–

Temperature Relationship; The

Absolute Temperature Scale

12-6 Standard Temperature and

Pressure

12-7 The Combined Gas Law

Equation

12-8 Avogadro’s Law and the

Standard Molar Volume

12-9 Summary of Gas Laws: The

Ideal Gas Equation

12-10 Determination of Molecular

Weights and Molecular

Formulas of Gaseous

Substances

12-11 Dalton’s Law of Partial

Pressures

12-12 Mass–Volume Relationships in

Reactions Involving Gases

12-13 The Kinetic–Molecular

Theory

12-14 Diffusion and Effusion of

Gases

12-15 Real Gases: Deviations from

Ideality

OBJECTIVES

After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to

• List the properties of gases and compare gases, liquids, and solids


• Describe how pressure is measured


• Use and understand the absolute (Kelvin) temperature scale


• Describe the relationships among pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas
  (Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Avogadro’s Law, and the Combined Gas Law), and the
  limitations of each


• Use Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Avogadro’s Law, and the Combined Gas Law, as
  appropriate, to calculate changes in pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas


• Calculate gas densities and the standard molar volume


• Use the ideal gas equation to do pressure, volume, temperature, and mole calculations
  as related to gas samples


• Determine molecular weights and formulas of gaseous substances from measured
  properties of gases


• Describe how mixtures of gases behave and predict their properties (Dalton’s Law of
  Partial Pressures)


• Carry out calculations about the gases involved in chemical reactions


• Apply the kinetic–molecular theory of gases and describe how this theory is consistent
  with the observed gas laws


• Describe molecular motion, diffusion, and effusion of gases


• Describe the molecular features that are responsible for nonideal behavior of real gases
  and explain when this nonideal behavior is important

Immersed in water, this green plant
oxidizes the water to form bubbles

of gaseous oxygen, O 2.