The Foundations of Chemistry

OUTLINE

13-1 Kinetic–Molecular Description

of Liquids and Solids

13-2 Intermolecular Attractions and

Phase Changes

The Liquid State

13-3 Viscosity

13-4 Surface Tension

13-5 Capillary Action

13-6 Evaporation

13-7 Vapor Pressure

13-8 Boiling Points and Distillation

13-9 Heat Transfer Involving Liquids

The Solid State

13-10 Melting Point

13-11 Heat Transfer Involving Solids

13-12 Sublimation and the Vapor

Pressure of Solids

13-13 Phase Diagrams (Pversus T)

13-14 Amorphous Solids and

Crystalline Solids

13-15 Structures of Crystals

13-16 Bonding in Solids

13-17 Band Theory of Metals

OBJECTIVES

After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to

• Describe the properties of liquids and solids and how they differ from gases


• Understand the kinetic–molecular description of liquids and solids, and show how this
  description differs from that for gases


• Use the terminology of phase changes


• Understand various kinds of intermolecular attractions and how they are related to
  physical properties such as vapor pressure, viscosity, melting point, and boiling point


• Describe evaporation, condensation, and boiling in molecular terms


• Calculate the heat transfer involved in warming or cooling without change of phase


• Calculate the heat transfer involved in phase changes


• Describe melting, solidification, sublimation, and deposition in molecular terms


• Interpret Pversus Tphase diagrams


• Describe the regular structure of crystalline solids


• Describe various types of solids


• Relate the properties of different types of solids to the bonding or interactions among
  particles in these solids


• Visualize some common simple arrangements of atoms in solids


• Carry out calculations relating atomic arrangement, density, unit cell size, and ionic or
  atomic radii in some simple crystalline arrangements


• Describe the bonding in metals


• Explain why some substances are conductors, some are insulators, and others are
  semiconductors

The shapes of soap bubbles are due
to surface tension, an important

physical property of liquids. White
light striking the bubbles gives

brightly colored interference
patterns.