The Foundations of Chemistry

OUTLINE

The Dissolution Process

14-1 Spontaneity of the Dissolution

Process

14-2 Dissolution of Solids in Liquids

14-3 Dissolution of Liquids in

Liquids (Miscibility)

14-4 Dissolution of Gases in Liquids

14-5 Rates of Dissolution and

Saturation

14-6 Effect of Temperature on

Solubility

14-7 Effect of Pressure on Solubility

14-8 Molality and Mole Fraction

Colligative Properties of Solutions

14-9 Lowering of Vapor Pressure

and Raoult’s Law

14-10 Fractional Distillation

14-11 Boiling Point Elevation

14-12 Freezing Point Depression

14-13 Determination of Molecular

Weight by Freezing Point

Depression or Boiling Point

Elevation

14-14 Colligative Properties and

Dissociation of Electrolytes

14-15 Osmotic Pressure

Colloids

14-16 The Tyndall Effect

14-17 The Adsorption Phenomenon

14-18 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

Colloids

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OBJECTIVES

After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to

• Describe the factors that favor the dissolution process


• Describe the dissolution of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids, and gases in liquids


• Describe how temperature and pressure affect solubility


• Express concentrations of solutions in terms of molality and mole fractions


• Describe the four colligative properties of solutions and some of their applications


• Carry out calculations involving the four colligative properties of solutions: lowering of
  vapor pressure (Raoult’s Law), boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and
  osmotic pressure


• Use colligative properties to determine molecular weights of compounds


• Describe dissociation and ionization of compounds, and the associated effects on
  colligative properties


• Recognize and describe colloids: the Tyndall effect, the adsorption phenomenon,
  hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloids

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solution is defined as a homogeneous mixtureof substances in which no settling occurs.

A solution consists of a solvent and one or more solutes, whose proportions vary from

one solution to another. By contrast, a pure substance has fixed composition. The

solventis the medium in which the solutesare dissolved. The fundamental units of solutes

are usually ions or molecules.

Spreading a soluble salt such as
calcium chloride on icy roadways or

sidewalks forms a solution with a
lower freezing point than pure

water, causing the ice or snow to
melt at a lower temperature.