The Foundations of Chemistry

OUTLINE

18-1 A Review of Strong Electrolytes

18-2 The Autoionization of Water

18-3 The pH and pOH Scales

18-4 Ionization Constants for Weak

Monoprotic Acids and Bases

18-5 Polyprotic Acids

18-6 Solvolysis

18-7 Salts of Strong Bases and

Strong Acids

18-8 Salts of Strong Bases and

Weak Acids

18-9 Salts of Weak Bases and

Strong Acids

18-10 Salts of Weak Bases and Weak

Acids

18-11 Salts that Contain Small,

Highly Charged Cations

OBJECTIVES

After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to

• Recognize strong electrolytes and calculate concentrations of their ions


• Understand the autoionization of water


• Understand the pH and pOH scales and how they are used


• Use ionization constants for weak monoprotic acids and bases


• Discuss the concepts of solvolysis and hydrolysis


• Describe how polyprotic acids ionize in steps and how to calculate concentrations
  of all species in solutions of polyprotic acids


• Apply acid–base equilibrium concepts to salts of strong bases and weak acids


• Apply acid–base equilibrium concepts to salts of weak bases and strong acids


• Apply acid–base equilibrium concepts to salts of weak bases and weak acids


• Apply acid–base equilibrium concepts to salts of small, highly charged cations

AA

queous solutions are very important. Nearly three fourths of the earth’s surface
is covered with water. Enormous numbers of chemical reactions occur in the
oceans and smaller bodies of water. Body fluids of plants and animals are mostly
water. Life processes (chemical reactions) of all plants and animals occur in aqueous solu-
tions or in contact with water. Before we were born, all of us developed in sacs filled with
aqueous solutions, which protected and nurtured us until we had developed to the point
that we could live in the atmosphere.

Many foods contain weak acids.

Citrus fruits contain citric acid and

ascorbic acid (vitamin C).