74 The Economist January 22nd 2022
Culture
Musicalhistory
The beat goes home
A
s you climbthe dimly lit staircase at La
Crèche nightclub in Kinshasa, the cap
ital of the Democratic Republic of Congo,
you may hear a man’s high, lilting voice
drifting from the rooftop. There, above the
trafficclogged alleys of Victoire, a dense
neighbourhood popular with both artists
and pickpockets, couples dance to rumba
music. Women sling their arms around
their partners’ necks and together they
move, sinuously, across the roof. The age
ing men twanging guitars and playing
drums wear scarves and glittery caps. A
flamboyant dress sense is a prerequisite
for any serious rumba musician in Congo.
In its modern form, Congolese rumba
evolved in the 1940s, largely in Kinshasa.
Its irresistible rhythms soon echoed across
the continent and today it is one of Congo’s
proudest, and noisiest, exports. Last
month rumba’s status was nudged a little
higher when it was added to the “intangi
ble cultural heritage” list maintained by
unesco, the un’s cultural agency. It joins
Estonian smoke saunas and Polish bee
keeping on a register meant to promote
“cultural diversity in the face of growing
globalisation”. Listen closely, though, and
beneath the sultry beat is a tale of trans
atlantic cultural exchange—and of art’s
entanglement with politics.
In a simplistic version of its history,
Congolese rumba was inspired by the Cu
ban kind. That is true, but so is the reverse:
the origins of Latin rumba lie in central Af
rica. The beat was first exported to Cuba by
slaves, many of whom were taken from the
Kingdom of Kongo (which included mod
ern Congo) from the 15th century onwards.
On the island, some fashioned drums from
animal skins and hollowedout trees and
began playing their traditional music.
“It was a spiritual music, a way to praise
their ancestors who would then relay their
prayers to God,” says Lubangi Muniania, a
Congolese art historian and journalist. En
slaved people danced to it in pairs, waist to
waist, so it was known as nkumba, mean
ing “waist” or “belly button” in Kikongo, a
Congolese language. That morphed into
“rumba” and, over the years, the style min
gled with the Spanish sounds prevailing in
Cuba. The foottapping rhythm was embel
lished with guitars, clarinets and pianos.
For centuries rumba bounced back and
forth across the Atlantic. It was reexported
to Congo when Belgian colonisers set up
the country’s first radio station in Kinshasa
(then Leopoldville) in 1940, and began air
ing overseas music. The breezy, danceable
Cuban tunes, with their familiar cadences,
were immediate hits. Musicians in
Leopoldville—and across the river in the
capital of neighbouring CongoBrazza
ville—reinterpreted the genre. “The funny
thing is that for the Congolese people lis
tening to that music, it wasn’t foreign to
them at all,” says Mr Muniania. “They were
playing African music back to Africans, so
there is no wonder they picked it up.”
G OMA AND KINSHASA
Congolese rumba is a link to the cultural past—and the soundtrack of politics
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