48 Scarcity and Surfeit
on whom, such order has already been imposed (policing); and (3) the extraction
of resources from the territory and the population under the control of the state
essential to support not only war-making and policing activities undertaken by the
state hut also for the maintenance of state appliances necessary to carry on routine
administration, deepen the state's penetration of society and serve symbolic pur-
poses (taxation): M Ayoob, State-making, state-breaking and state failure, Van de
Goor et al, op cit, p 69. In this respect see Y Cohen, B R Brown and A F K Organski,
The paradoxical nature of state-making: The violent creation of order, American
Political Science Review, vol 75, no 4, 1981. Also C Tilly in War-making and state-
making as organised crime, Bringing the state back in, P B Evans, D Rueschemeyer
& T Skocpol, Cambridge University Press, 1985.
146 Van de Goor et a1 (eds), op cit, p 9. See also R Jackson, Quasi-states, souereignty,
international relations and the third world, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1990.
147 Ayooh, op cit, p 70. For an in-depth discussion of this issue see K.J. Holsti, The
state, war, and the state of war, op cit, in particular Chapters 3 and 4.
148 Miall with Ramsbotham & Woodhouse, op cit, p 86.
149 See Holsti, The state, war, and the state of war, op cit, Chapter 4, pp 61-81.
150 Ibid, p 9.
151 In this respect see J Snyder, Nationalism and the crisis of the post-Soviet state,
Suruival, vol 35, no 1, Spring 1993, p 12. As Michael Brown points out, "when
state structures weaken, violent conflict often follows. Power struggles between
politicians and would-be leaders intensify. Regional leaders become increasingly
independent, and, if they consolidate control over military assets, virtual war-
lords. Ethnic groups which had been oppressed by central authorities are more
able to assert themselves politically, perhaps by seeking more administrative
autonomy or their own states". Brown, op cit, p 14.
152 Brown, Introduction, op cit, p 15.
152 Azar, The management ofprotracted social conflict.Theory and cases, op cit, p 10.
154 Ibid, p 11.
155 Mitchell, op cit, p 20.
156 Miall with Ramsbotham & Woodhouse, op cit, p 86.
157 Brown, Introduction, op cit, p 19.
158 Ibid, p 18-20. As regards the vast topic of conflict and development see, inter alia
and as an introduction, S P Huntington, Political order in changing societies, Yale
University Press, New Haven, 1968 as well as 'Civil violence and the process of
development, Civil violence and the international system, Adelphi Paper no 83,
London, IISS, 1971. Also the classic Why men rebel by Gurr, op cit, and
S Newman, Does modernisation breed ethnic conflict?', World Politics, vo1 43,
no 3, April 1991.
159 Edward Azar considered two main models of international linkage: economic
dependency (limiting the autonomy of the state; distorting the patterns of
economic development and therefore exacerbating denial of the access needs of
communal groups) and political military client relationships with strong states
(where patrons provide protection for the client state in return for the latter's
loyalty which may result in the client state pursuing both domestic and foreign