NOTES TO PAGES 68-85 271CHAPTER 3: THE PRE-ROMANTICS
1 On the experiments of these poets and the possible influence of Marrash on Mahjari
poets, especially Jibran, as well as the pan played by Arabic translations of English
hymns, see S. Moreh, 'Strophic, Blank and Free Verse in Modern Arabic Literature'
unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (University of London, 1965).
2 See my book An Anthology of Modern Arabic Verse (Oxford, 1970), p. xiii and my
article 'Convention and Revolt in Modem Arabic Poetry' in G. E. von Grunebaum,
ed., Arabic Poetry: Theory and Development, p. 192.
3 SeeMahmudlbn al-Shafif, Khalil Mutran Sha'ir al-Huniyya(Cairo, 1967),p.61.
4 On the part played by Mutran in promoting the cause of the Egyptian theatre when
he was Director of the National Theatre Company see Jamal al-DIn al-Ramadi,
Khalil Mutran. Sha'ir al-Aqtar al-Arabryya (Cairo, n.d.) pp..55ff. For a brief assess-
ment of his translation of Shakespeare see my article 'Shakespeare and the Arabs'
in Cairo Studies in English (Cairo, 1964-5), p. 189.
5 For his unpublished works see Ibn al-Sharif, Khalil Mutran, pp. 120ff.
6 Ramadi, Khalil Mutran, p. 300.
7 SeeM. Mustafa Badawi, Dirasatfi'lShi'rwalMasrah(Caiio, 1960), p.21.
8 Jamil Sidqi al-ZahawI, Al-Lubob (Baghdad, 1928), p. 6.
9 Muhammad Mandui.Muhadarat'an Khalil Mutran (Cairo, 1954), pp. 32—3.
10 In order to realize the extent to which this concept is new to the Arabic literary
tradition see G. E. von Grunebaum, 'The Concept of Plagiarism in Arabic Theory',
Journal of Near Eastern Studies, in, 1944,234—53, where he shows 'the precedence
accorded to wording over meaning, to form over content' in the Arabic critical
tradition, and how 'the concept of form itself is being reduced so as to mean little
if anything more than phrasing'. On this point Arabic opinion was 'fairly unani-
mous': e.g. al-Jahiz-al-Amidl, al-'Askari, and Ibn Rashiq subscribed to this view, the
only possible exception being 'Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjanl. Hence the concentration on
words by both critics and poets.
11 Ramadi, Khalil Mutran, p. 224.
12 Ibn al-Sharif, KhaW Mutran, p. 93.
13 Al-Muqtataf (Cairo), June 1939, p. 87.
14 All the references in this section, including those between brackets are to the four
volume edition of Diwan al-Khalil (Cairo, 1948-9).
15 Ramadi, Khalil Mutran, pp. 99ff.
16 See, e.g. the poems on pp. 23, 29,47, 53, 73.
17 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Dusuql, Jama'at Apollo wa Atharuhafi'l ShVr al-Hadith (Cairo, 1971),
p. 83.
18 Ramadi, Khalil Mutran, p. 157.
19 See, e.g. the poems on the following pages: 1,20,25,31, 111, 112,259; u, 57; in, 246;
rv, 170,220.
20 ShauqiDaif,Dirasatfi'lShi'ral-'Arabial-Mu'asir(Cairo, 1959),pp. 122-41;Mahmud
Ibn al-Sharif, Khalil Mutran.
21 Mandur, Muhadarat, p. 13; Ramadi, op. at., pp. 6,22 and Mounah A. Khouri, Poetry
and the Making of Modern Egypt (Leiden, 1971), p. 149.
22 On this point see Ramadi, Khalil Mutran, p. 253ff. To realize the extent of Mutran's
revision of his early poetry, cf. the two versions of a poem, e.g. Diwan al-Khalil (1 st
edn.), p. 96 and the second edition (1948-49), vol. I, p. 117.
23 Ramadi, Khalil Mutran, p. 301.
24 Ibn al-Sharif, Khalil Mutran, pp. 31 ff.
25 Here are the Arabic titles: Dau' al-Fajr (1909), ha'alt al-Afkar (1913); Anashid al-Siba
(1915); Zahr al-Rabi' (1916); Al-khatarat (1916); Al-Afnan (1918); Azhar al-Kharif
(1919). Volume vm was added by Niqula Yusuf in his edition of the Complete
Works: Diwan 'Abd al-Rahman Shukri (Alexandria, 1960).