combination of unidimensional and Multidimensional Ethics Measure
(MEM). Given the complexity of ethical judgments, a combination of
unidimensional and Multidimensional Ethics Measure (MEM) is likely
to show greater explanatory power and is more likely to provide deeper
insights into ethical judgments. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes the
importance of measuring a possible 'holier‐than‐thou' perception of
subjects. 'Holier‐than‐thou' perception means that individuals consider
their peers as less ethical than themselves. The measurement of
'holier‐than‐thou' perception is important because individuals
considering themselves as more ethical than their peers do not see any
pressure to improve their own ethical behavior and they justify their
own unethical behavior as needed to compete with their peers. The
theoretical and methodological suggestions in this paper contribute to
accounting literature by providing useful guidance for research on
earnings management and ethical judgments.