It is critical that the monitoring system be tailored to the objectives and models
particular to the management scenario in question. There are three purposes
for the monitoring: to assess whether the objectives are being met, to measure
quantities (such as population size) upon which the decisions will depend,
and to measure response variables (such as survival rate or population size) that
are predicted by the models to provide feedback about relative performance of
the models. Ongoing monitoring also provides data for future refinements of
the models. Because of the interrelatedness of objectives, models, actions, and
monitoring, adaptive management requires careful articulation of all of these
elements.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Bill Sutherland, Ian Newton, and Rhys Green for suggesting
the scope of this chapter and for constructive comments during its development.
Our work on this chapter was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center.
References
Anderson, D.R. and Burnham, K.P. (1976). Population ecology of the mallard. VI.
The effect of exploitation on survival. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource
Publication 128.
Argeloo, M. 1994. The Maleo Macrocephalon maleo: new information on the distribution
and status of Sulawesi’s endemic megapode. Bird Conserv. Int., 4, 383–393.
Argeloo, M. and Dekker, R.W.R.J. (1996). Exploitation of megapode eggs in Indonesia:
the role of traditional methods in the conservation of megapodes. Oryx, 30, 59–64.
Atwood, E.L. (1956). Validity of mail survey data on bagged waterfowl. J. Wildlife Manage.,
20, 1–16.
Barker, R.J. (1991). Nonresponse bias in New Zealand waterfowl harvest surveys.
J. Wildlife Manage., 55,126–131.
Barker, R.J., Geissler, P.H., and Hoover, B.A. (1992). Sources of nonresponse to the federal
waterfowl hunter questionnaire survey. J. Wildlife Manage., 56, 337–343.
Begazo, A.J. and Bodmer, R.E. (1998). Use and conservation of Cracidae (Aves: Galliformes)
in the Peruvian Amazon. Oryx, 32, 301–309.
Beissinger, S.R. and Bucher, E.H. (1992). Can parrots be conserved through sustainable
harvesting? BioScience, 42,164–173.
Bennett, E.L. and Robinson, J.G. (2000). Hunting for the snark. Pages 1–9 In eds.
Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, J.G. Robinson and E.L. Bennett, Columbia
University Press, New York, USA.
Brownie, C., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., and Robson, D.R. (1985). Statistical infer-
ence from band recovery data—a handbook, 2nd edition. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Resource Publication 156.
Caithness, T. (1982). Gamebird Hunting. The Wetland Press, Wellington, NZ.
References| 325