Understanding and Teaching the Pronunciation of English.pdf

9.5 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 39.5 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 39.5 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 39.5 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 3

Word Citation Form Reduced Form Example

Expressions with Expressions with Expressions with Expressions with totototo

Going to /gowtuw/ɪŋ /gʌnə/ I’m going to do my homework.Are you going to eat now?

Want to /wtuw/ɑnt /wɑnə/

I want to go to Disneyland.

Do you want to come with me?

But not:* He wanna * He wantsa

Have to /hævtuw/ /hæftə/ We have to wait for the bus. Do you have to study?

Have/
has got
to

/hæv

gɑt tuw/

/hæz.../

/əvgɑtə/

/əzgɑtə/

/gɑtə/

Students have got to study.

The student has got to study.

I’ve got to go. I(‘ve) got to go.

Modal + Modal + Modal + Modal + have have have have

Should
have

/ʃᴜd

hæv/ /ʃᴜdə/

You should have waited for me.

You shouldn’t have forgotten.

Could
have

/kᴜd

hæv/ /kᴜdə/

We could have tried harder.

We couldn’t have known that.

Would
have

/wᴜd

hæv/ /wᴜdə/

He would have helped you.

He wouldn’t have told the secret.

Must
have

/mʌst

hæv/ /mʌstə/

They must have been hungry.

(We don’t really say mustn’t have.)

Might
have

/mayt

hæv/ /maytə/

I might have known the answer.

(Mightn’t have is also kind of strange.)

9.6 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 49.6 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 49.6 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 49.6 REDUCED FORMS OF SOME FUNCTION WORDS 4

Word Citation Form Reduced Form Example

Pronouns and Possessive AdjectivesPronouns and Possessive AdjectivesPronouns and Possessive AdjectivesPronouns and Possessive Adjectives

You /yuw/ /yə/ You did it. Do you want to go?

He /hiy/ /iy/ Is he here? What did he do?

Him /hɪm/ /ɪm/ Tell him. Give him some time.

Her /hɚ/ /ɚ/ Tell her. What’s her name?

Them /ðɛm/ //ðəəm/m/ Did you tell them your name? I saw them. Give them a present.

Your /yuwr/ /yɚ/ What’s your name? Use your pen.

His /hɪz/ /ɪz/ What’s his name? She’s his mother.

Our /awr/ /ɑr/ Our car is big. They’re our friends.

Miscellaneous WordsMiscellaneous WordsMiscellaneous WordsMiscellaneous Words

That /ðæt/ /ðət/ He said that he was ready.The book that I read was good.

Than /ðæn/ //əðən/n/ Elephants are bigger than mice.

Kind of /kayndəv/ /kayndə/ We’re kind of late.

Sort of /sɔrtəv/ /sɔrtə/ It’s sort of hot today.

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