180 Kaoru Kitajima and Lourens Poorter
Ricklefs, R.E. (1977) Environmental heterogeneity
and plant species diversity: a hypothesis.American
Naturalist111, 376–381.
Rijkers, T., Pons, T.L., and Bongers, F. (2000) The effect
of tree height and light availability on photosynthetic
leaf traits of four neotropical species differin gin shade
tolerance.Functional Ecology14, 77–86.
Rose, S.A. (2000) Seeds, seedlings and gaps – size mat-
ters.A study in the tropical rain forest of Guyana.
Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University, Tropenbos-
Guyana series 9. Ipskamp, Enschede.
Sack, L., Grubb, P.J., and Maranon, T. (2003) The
functional morphology of juvenile plants toler-
ant of stron gsummer drou ght in shaded forest
understories in southern Spain.Plant Ecology168,
139–163.
Sack, L. and Grubb, P.J. (2001) Why do species of
woody seedlings change rank in relative growth rate
between low and high irradiance?Functional Ecology
15, 145–154.
Sack, L. and Grubb, P.J. (2003) Crossovers in seedling
relative growth rates between low and high irra-
diance: analyses and ecological potential (reply to
Kitajima and Bolker 2003).Functional Ecology17,
281–287.
Santiago, L.S., Kitajima, K., Wright, S.J., and Mulkey, S.S.
(2004) Coordinated changes in photosynthesis, water
relations and leaf nutritional traits of canopy trees
alon ga precipitation gradient in lowland tropical
forest.Oecologia139, 495–502.
Schlichting, C.D. (1986) The evolution of phenotypic
plasticity in plants.Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics17, 667–693.
Schnitzer, S.A. and Carson, W.P. (2001) Treefall gaps
and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical
forest.Ecology82, 913–919.
Schreeg, L.A., Kobe, R.K., and Walters, M.B. (2005)Tree
seedlinggrowth,survivalandmorphologyinresponse
to landscape-level variation in soil resource availabil-
ity in northern Michigan.Canadian Journal of Forest
Research35, 263–273.
Schulz, J.P. (1960)Ecological studies on rain forest in
northern Suriname.Mededelingen van het Botanisch
Museum en Herbarium van de Rijsuniversiteit te
Utrecht No. 163. N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers
Maatschappij, Amsterdam.
Schuur, E.A.G. and Matson, P.A. (2001) Net primary
productivity and nutrient cyclin gacross a mesic to wet
precipitation gradient in Hawaiian montane forest.
Oecologia128, 431–442.
Sheil, D., Salim, A., Chave, J., Vanclay, J.D., and
Hawthorne, W.D. (2006) Illumination-size relation-
ships of coexistin gtropical trees.Journal of Ecology
94, 494–507.
Svenning, J.-C., Fabbro, T. and Wright, S.J. (2008)
Seedlin ginteractions in a tropical forest in Panama.
Oecologia155, 143–150.
Svenning, J.-C., Kinner, D.A., Stallard, R.F., Engelbrecht,
B.M.J. and Wright, S.J. (2004) Ecological determinism
in plant community structure across a tropical forest
landscape.Ecology85, 2526–2538.
ter Steege, H. (1994) Flooding and drought tolerance
in seeds and seedlings of twoMoraspecies segregated
alon ga soil hydrolo gical gradient in the tropical rain
forest of Guyana.Oecologia100, 356–367.
ter Steege, H. and Hammond, D.S. (2001) Character con-
vergence, diversity, and disturbance in tropical rain
forest in Guyana.Ecology82, 3197–3212.
Terborgh, J. (1985) The vertical component of plant
species diversity in temperate and tropical forests.
American Naturalist126, 760–776.
Thomas, S.C. (1996a) Relative size at onset of matu-
rity in rain forest trees: a comparative analysis of 37
Malaysian species.Oikos76, 145–154.
Thomas, S.C. (1996b) Reproductive allometry in
Malaysian rain forest trees: biomechanics versus
optimalallocation.Evolutionary Ecology10,517–530.
Thomas, S.C. and Bazzaz, F.A. (1999) Asymptotic
height as a predictor of photosynthetic character-
istics in Malaysian rain forest trees.Ecology80,
1607–1622.
Tilman, D. (1982)Resource Competition and Community
Structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Tilman, D. (1988)Dynamics and Structure of Plant
Communities.Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Tilman, D. (2004) Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and com-
munity structure: a stochastic theory of resource
competition, invasion, and community assembly.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America101, 10854–10861.
Tuomisto, H. and Poulsen, A.D. (2000) Pteridophyte
diversity and species composition in four Amazo-
nian rain forests.Journal of Vegetation Science11,
383–396.
Turner, I.M. (2001)The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical
Rain Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Valladares, F., Wright, S.J., Lasso, E., Kitajima, K., and
Pearcy, R.W. (2000) Plastic phenotypic response to
lightof 16congenericshrubsfromaPanamanianrain
forest.Ecology81, 1925–1936.