Erica Schwarz CARSON:“carson_index” — 2008/5/27 — 14:41 — page 509 — #19Index509may maintain species diversity 201
only limited evidence for 201
seedling survival 170
seeds and saplings with correlated traits 233–4
sugar maple, and presence/absence of browsers
234
susceptible to liana competition 203
Shannon diversity index 393
Simpson diversity 13
Simpson index 14, 393
small–large paradigm 171–2
and cost of reproduction 172
soil Al content, and large-scale melastome
distribution 23–4
soil fertility, and tropical mammals 353
soil quality and forest structure 127–30
soil texture, significant predictor for understory
plants 24
Sørensen index 13, 14, 14
spatial diversity partitioning scheme 12–13
use of rarefaction method 13
speciation 33–4, 147
allopatric 89
centrifugal speciation 33
effects of geographic area on 33
modified fission model 34
peripatetic speciation 33
viewed as a splitting process 57
speciation events, yield at least two new species 57
species abundance, relative, neutral model of 145
species accumulation curves 14
species age, and patterns of rarity and endemism
57–8
species assemblages, phylogenetic structure of
83–91
species cascade approach 286–7
species composition 394–5
compared across tropical forest chronosequence
395
floristic composition, secondary vs. mature forests
394
in gaps, cannot be predicted 163
varies independently of species richness 394
species diversity 343
and composition 400
and demographic variability 111
ecological explanations for 99
negative density dependence (NDD) 99
neutral theory 99
role of canopy disturbance and gap
specialization 99
high, unlikely to deter invasion 7
patterns of spatial variation in 12–15
search for environmental correlates of 15–18
understanding causes of spatial variation in
18–20
niche assembly theories 18–19
species diversity, testing explanations for using FDPs
98–117
development of the CTFS network of large FDPs
99–104
historical perspective 103
tropical forest community structure revealed
103–4
future research in FDPs 113
large FDPs and ecological theory 104–12
gap specialization 108–12
negative density dependence 106–8
neutral theory 104–6
limitations 112–13
bigfoot effect 113
census method omitting seedlings 113
of large plot approach 112
results are phenomenological 112–13
small plots suffer from edge effects 112
for testing ecological theory 112
species herd effect 108
species richness 31–2, 235
and diversity 392–4
canopy trees show slower recovery 393–4
distance to older forests key predictor 400
diversity increases with stand age 393
rarefaction techniques compare species richness
392–3
slow recovery even in older secondary forests
393
trends influenced by soil fertility and land-use
history 392
in gaps 110
of lianas 202, 202
promotion within a horizontal plane 164–70
and resistance to establishment of exotics 417
and species–energy relationship 350
in tropical areas 41
see alsotree species richness
species turnover, general hypotheses of 6–7
species–energy hypothesis 42
boreal sites
depauperate in tree species 36 ,42
disproportionately large 39 ,42
global diversity patterns linked to
productivity 42