52 John R. Paul and Stephen J. Tonsor
Table 4.1 Relative ages of thePiperspecies estimated by Bayesian relaxed-clock analysis. The table shows the
mean ages and standard deviations (SD), median ages, and highest posterior density (HPD) distributions.
Species Mean age SD Median age 95% HPD
(lower)95% HPD
(upper)Piper aduncum 1.0E–02 2.3E–04 9.6E–03 3.2E–03 2.0E–02
Piper albozonatum 3.5E–03 6.6E–05 3.0E–03 2.3E–04 7.9E–03
Piper amalago 7.1E–03 1.5E–04 6.3E–03 1.4E–03 1.5E–02
Piper amoenum 1.0E–02 2.3E–04 9.6E–03 3.2E–03 2.0E–02
Piper appendiculatum 1.2E–02 1.6E–04 1.1E–02 4.3E–03 2.0E–02
Piper arboreum 3.2E–02 6.4E–04 3.1E–02 1.9E–02 4.7E–02
Piper archeri 2.3E–02 3.7E–04 2.2E–02 1.0E–02 3.6E–02
Piper arieianum 3.4E–02 4.7E–04 3.3E–02 2.2E–02 5.0E–02
Piper augustum 2.2E–02 3.5E–04 2.2E–02 1.2E–02 3.4E–02
Piper auritum 4.2E–02 5.9E–04 4.2E–02 2.6E–02 6.2E–02
Piper bartlingianum 4.8E–02 9.3E–04 4.7E–02 2.3E–02 7.5E–02
Piper basilobatum 3.9E–03 6.2E–05 3.5E–03 7.6E–04 7.6E–03
Piper brachypodon 1.3E–02 1.6E–04 1.2E–02 4.4E–03 2.1E–02
Piper brevipedicellatum 2.9E–03 5.4E–05 2.3E–03 4.5E–05 7.6E–03
Piper cajambrense 8.6E–03 1.8E–04 8.3E–03 4.1E–03 1.4E–02
Piper cararense 1.9E–02 3.6E–04 1.8E–02 7.2E–03 3.3E–02
Piper cavendishioides 1.8E–02 3.5E–04 1.8E–02 1.0E–02 2.6E–02
Piper chuarense 9.7E–03 2.3E–04 8.9E–03 3.4E–03 1.9E–02
Piper cihuatlanense 7.1E–03 1.5E–04 6.3E–03 1.4E–03 1.5E–02
Piper cinereum 7.6E–02 1.2E–03 7.5E–02 4.6E–02 1.1E–01
Piper cocornanum 1.8E–02 3.1E–04 1.8E–02 4.5E–03 3.3E–02
Piper colligatispicum 1.8E–02 3.1E–04 1.8E–02 4.5E–03 3.3E–02
Piper confertinodum 9.7E–03 2.3E–04 8.9E–03 3.4E–03 1.9E–02
Piper darienense 1.7E–02 3.5E–04 1.5E–02 4.3E–03 3.2E–02
Piper filistilum 7.1E–03 1.4E–04 6.4E–03 1.4E–03 1.4E–02
Piper flagellicuspe 1.2E–02 1.6E–04 1.1E–02 4.3E–03 2.0E–02
Piper friedrichsthalii 4.4E–02 5.4E–04 4.4E–02 3.1E–02 5.9E–02
Piper garagaranum 2.4E–02 4.7E–04 2.4E–02 7.9E–03 3.9E–02
Piper gesnerioides 1.9E–02 3.9E–04 1.8E–02 7.6E–03 3.3E–02
Piper hartwegianum 8.2E–03 1.2E–04 7.7E–03 2.0E–03 1.5E–02
Piper hispidum 3.7E–02 5.1E–04 3.6E–02 1.8E–02 5.6E–02
Piper imperiale 1.6E–02 3.0E–04 1.5E–02 5.6E–03 3.0E–02
Piper longispicum 1.9E–02 3.2E–04 1.8E–02 1.1E–02 2.9E–02
Piper marequitense 3.9E–02 4.8E–04 3.9E–02 2.6E–02 5.2E–02
Piper marginatum 2.9E–02 6.8E–04 2.8E–02 9.1E–03 5.0E–02
Piper michelianum 2.9E–03 5.4E–05 2.3E–03 4.5E–05 7.6E–03
Piper multiplinervium 2.9E–02 6.8E–04 2.8E–02 9.1E–03 5.0E–02
Piper munchanum 1.8E–02 3.2E–04 1.7E–02 8.5E–03 2.8E–02
Piper obovatum 3.9E–03 6.2E–05 3.5E–03 7.6E–04 7.6E–03
Piper ottoniifolium 1.6E–02 3.3E–04 1.6E–02 8.9E–03 2.5E–02
Piper oxystachyum 1.3E–02 1.6E–04 1.2E–02 4.4E–03 2.1E–02
Piper parvulum 1.2E–02 2.6E–04 1.1E–02 3.1E–03 2.2E–02
Piper pedunculatum 5.0E–03 9.2E–05 4.5E–03 7.8E–04 1.0E–02
Piper peltatum 2.2E–02 3.1E–04 2.1E–02 1.0E–02 3.4E–02
Piper perpusillum 5.0E–03 9.2E–05 4.5E–03 7.8E–04 1.0E–02Continued