Esser, K. (1990) Molecular aspects of ageing: facts and per-
spectives. In: Frontiers in Mycology(Hawksworth, D.L., ed.),
pp. 3 –25. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon.
Fox, R.T.V. (1994) Principles of Diagnostic Techniques in
Plant Pathology. CAB International, Wallingford.
Freimoser, F.M., Screen, S., Bagga, S., Hu, G. & St Leger,
R.J. (2003) Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of two
subspecies of Metarhizium anisopliaereveals a plethora of
secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts.
Microbiology 149 , 239–247.
Galagan, J.E. and 76 other authors (2003) The genome
sequence of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa.
Nature 42 , 859– 868.
Glass, N.L. & Kaneko, I. (2003) Fatal attraction: nonself
recognition and heterokaryon incompatibility in fila-
mentous fungi. Eukaryotic Cell 2 , 1–8.
Hoegger, P.J., Heiniger, U., Holdenrieder, O. & Rigling, D.
(2003) Differential transfer and dissemination of
hypovirus and nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of a
hypovirus-infected Cryphonectria parasiticastrain after
introduction into a natural population. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 69 , 3767–3771.
Jinks, J.L. (1952) Heterokaryosis: a system of adaptation in
wild fungi. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series
B 140 , 83–99.
Kohn, L.M. (1995) The clonal dynamic in wild and agri-
cultural plant-pathogen populations. Canadian Journal of
Botany 73 , S1231–S1240.
MacNish, G.C., McLernon, C.K. & Wood, D.A. (1993)
The use of zymogram and anastomosis techniques to fol-
low the expansion and demise of two coalescing bare
patches caused by Rhizoctonia solaniAG8. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research 44 , 1161–1173.
MacNish, G.C. & Sweetingham, M.W. (1993). Evidence of
stability of pectic zymogram groups within Rhizoctonia
solaniAG-8.Mycological Research 97 , 1056 –1058.
Martina, P. and 10 others (2003) Analysis of expressed
sequence tags from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes
Laccaria bicolorand Pisolithus microcarpus. New Phytologist
159 , 117–129.
Newhouse, J.R., Hoch, H.C. & MacDonald, W.L. (1983) The
ultrastructure of Endothia parasitica. Comparison of a
virulent with a hypovirulent isolate. Canadian Journal of
Botany 61 , 389–399.
Nuss, D.L. (1992) Biological control of chestnut blight:
an example of virus-mediated attenuation of fungal
pathogenesis. Microbiological Reviews 56 , 561–576.
Oliver, S.G. (1987) Chromosome organization and
genome evolution in yeast. In: Evolutionary Biology of the
Fungi(Rayner, A.D.M., Brasier, C.M. & Moore, D., eds),
pp. 33 –52. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Osbourne, A., Bowyer, P., Bryan, G., Lunness, P.,
Clarke, B. & Daniels, M. (1994) Detoxification of plant
saponins by fungi. In: Advances in Molecular Genetics of
Plant-Microbe Interactions(Daniels, M.J., Downie, J.A. &
Osbourn, A.E., eds), pp. 215 –221. Kluwer Academic,
Dordrecht.
Peter, M., Courty, P.-E., Kobler, A., et al.(2003) Analysis
of expressed sequence tags from the ectomycorrhizal
basidiomycetes Laccaria bicolorand Pisolithus microcarpus.
New Phytologist 159 , 117–129.
Pipe, N.D., Buck, K.W. & Brasier, C.M. (1995) Molecular
relationships between Ophiostoma ulmiand the NAN
and EAN races of O. novo-ulmidetermined by RAPD
markers. Mycological Research 99 , 653–658.
Pontecorvo, G. (1956) The parasexual cycle in fungi.
Annual Review of Microbiology 10 , 393– 400.
Rawlinson, C.J., Carpenter, J.M. & Muthyalu, G. (1975)
Double-stranded RNA virus in Colletotrichum lindemuthi-
anum. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 65 ,
305 –308.
Sansome, E. (1987) Fungal chromosomes as observed with
the light microscope. In: Evolutionary Biology of the
Fungi(Rayner, A.D.M., Brasier, C.M. & Moore, D., eds).
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 97–113.
Tooley, P.W. & Therrien, C.D. (1991) Variation in ploidy
in Phytophthora infestans. In: Phytophthora(Lucas, J.A.,
Shattock, R.C., Shaw, D.S. & Cooke, L.R., eds.). Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 204 –217.