Ch’ing 1644–1911 Manchurian rule.
1644–1661
1662–1722
1723–1735
1736–1795
1796–1821
1821–1850
1851–1861
1862–1873
1875–1908
1908–1912
Shun–Chih
K’ang–Hsi
Yung–Cheng
Chien Lung
Chia Ch’ing
Tao–Kuang
Hsien–Feng
Tung–Chih
Kuang–Hsu
Hsuan–Tung
Republic
of China 1912–1949
People’s
Republic
of China