544 Notes to pp. 244–246
14 See Helmut Dubiel, Wissenschaftsorganisation und politische Erfahrung,
p. 87ff.
15 Adorno, ‘Kein Abenteuer’, GS, vol. 20.2, p. 585f. Material for an ‘icono-
graphy of exile’ can be found in the memoirs of Hans Sahl, Das Exil im
Exil, p. 130ff.
16 Adorno, ‘Scientific Experiences of a European Scholar in America’, in
Critical Models, pp. 218–19.
17 Ibid., p. 215.
18 See Ernst Krenek, ‘Bemerkungen zur Rundfunkmusik’, ZfS, VII, 1/2,
1938, p. 148ff. Adorno was familiar with the manuscript version of this
essay; he hoped to be able to use it to help Krenek find a position in the
radio research project.
19 In his essay ‘The Radio Symphony’, which Adorno wrote in English,
he translated Hörstreifen literally as ‘hear-stripe’. I felt that ‘noise band’
conveys his intention more felicitously [trans.].
20 Adorno to Lazarsfeld, 24 January 1938, Horkheimer–Pollock Archive,
Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt am Main; cf. Paul Lazarsfeld,
‘Eine Episode in der Geschichte der empirischen Sozialforschung’, p. 179ff.;
see also Adorno, ‘Über die musikalische Verwendung des Radios’, GS,
vol. 15, p. 369ff; David E. Morrison, ‘Kultur and Culture: The Case of
Theodor W. Adorno and Paul F. Lazarsfeld’, p. 339ff.
21 Hadley Cantrill, together with Gordon Allport, had published a book
with the title The Psychology of Radio (New York and London, 1935).
Frank Stanton was research director of the Columbia Broadcasting System.
22 This project laid the foundations for modern media research. In addition
to Lazarsfeld, this is associated with such names as Herta Herzog, Joseph
Klapper, Bernard Berelson, Charles Osgood and Samuel Stouffer. See
Wilbur Schramm, Grundfragen der Kommunikationsforschung.
23 On what follows, see Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, p. 235ff.;
Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, p. 248ff.; Michael Kausch,
Kulturindustrie und Populärkultur, p. 34ff.
24 In later years, Lazarsfeld had a brilliant career as the founder and director
of the Bureau of Applied Social Research, as well as being an expert in
the field of empirical social research whose methods of standardized
surveys and attitude measurement enjoyed widespread success in the USA
of the 1930s. The scientific products of his advanced quantitative socio-
logical studies, making use of panels and multidimensional measurements,
can be seen in The People’s Choice and The American Soldier, studies
which Lazarsfeld designed and carried out with a variety of researchers.
25 See Paul Lazarsfeld, ‘Eine Episode in der Geschichte der Sozialforschung’,
p. 179ff.
26 Walter Benjamin had developed the ‘listening models’ for the South-West
German Radio in Frankfurt and for the Berlin Funkstunde. In addition
to the discussion of recent literary publications, he produced the listening
models on the analogy of Brecht’s Epic Theatre. His intentions were
didactic and aimed to oppose consumerist attitudes towards the new
medium. ‘A form of radio transformed into a dialogical medium should
abolish the separation between performers and audience and in this way
become the model for a new people’s art.’ Bernd Witte, Walter Benjamin,
p. 88; Benjamin, Drei Hörmodelle.