19 6Built systems, built areas, and whole regions
Proportion of directions surrounding a metro area (% of 45° arcs on land)LondonBerlin+Rome+Bucharest+Stockholm+Barcelona+Nantes- Chicago+San Diego/Tijuana+Philadelphia+Ottawa•Edmonton
PortlandAtlanta- Mexico City
SantiagoBrasilia+TegucigalpaIquitos- Cairo
*
Nairobi+Bamako+East LondonAbecheBeijing*
MoscowSeoul*
Te h r a n*
Sapporo+UlaanbaatarErzurumKagoshimaBangkokKuala Lumpur+CuttackSamarindaCanberraRahimyar KhanEurope North
America
Latin
America
Africa West-East
Asia
South Asia-
AustraliaAverageGeographic area, with cities from large to small population0
20
40
60
80
100
Directions with a nearby major
city (>250 000 population) outside
the urban region
Directions with a boundary dividing
the urban region, so that the outer
portion is in a different major
political/administrative unit or jurisdiction==Figure 7.19Proportion of surrounding directions with a nearby major city or other
major political/administrative unit present relative to geography and city size.
Proportion of surroundings refers to land, thus excluding sea, coastal bay, and
major lake. Nearby cities outside the urban region are >250 000 population and are
generally located <1.5 times the distance from the center of the focal city to its
urban region boundary (more precisely they are the 60 % and 40 % distance cases
described in Figure 5.2 and its caption). A major political/administrative boundary
indicates that another nation, state, province, department, county, or equivalent
unit is present in the urban region. See Table5.1and Figure 7.2 caption.