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with the rows of columns and their guiding function in a ba-
silica; this is even more the case for double-sided arcades. In
the form of the urban loggia, the columned hall and the space
of the square tend to merge. Illumination, finally, also partici-
pates in the formation of outdoor spaces, for example when
lighting elements set at a uniform height to feature a rooftop,
when light cones exclude areas, when zones are divided by
islands of light and shadow, or when specially lit buildings
facilitate orientation or serve as sources of > space shadows.
While disciplining through the construction conditions
a regular form of the inner spaces of the building, the free
forms of streets and squares are derived from their interleav-
ing with the respective structure of development. Their irregu-
lar and often unplanned shapes arise more or less incidentally
as intermediate spaces between architectural masses, but they
are instead often designed as a differentiated response to per-
ceptual demands. As a forecourt, for example, the area of a
square may serve as a deference zone in front of an important
building, allowing us to retreat; the square may be delimited
as a concave framing shell within which a building is inte-
grated as a convex form, one instance being Santa Maria della
Pace in Rome. Or a square may resemble a stage upon which
the building appears, an example being the church of Santa
Maria Formosa in Venice, which turns itself inward effectively
from the side into the Campo of the same name. Squares and
streets are places where important buildings encounter one
another, often confronting one another frontally, as do Wein-
brenner’s Stadtkirche (city church) and the Town Hall on
the Market Square of Karlsruhe. Through their > direction-
ality, according to Camillo Sitte (1889/1983), an elongated
square, for example as a ‘deep square’, is oriented towards
a certain building front on the narrow side, or as a ‘broad
square’, towards a main facade on the broad side. L-shaped
squares present a building from two sides, while articulation
into a main and ancillary square allows elements of the build-
ing and parts of the square to interpenetrate, so that various