314 Ethics in Higher Education: Values-driven Leaders for the Future
Indonesia has successfully increased higher education participation rate
from twenty one percent to thirty two percent accordingly (OECD/Asian
Development Bank, 2015).
However quality divide of higher education between Java and out of
Java is still continuously presence. Out of 122 public universities, there
are only 20% of them located out of Java island and only one of them is
listed on the top-ten public universities. In addition, among more than
3900 private universities, only less than 10% private universities have
been accredited as a good performance and most of them are in Java as
well (http://forlap.dikti.go.id/perguruantinggi/homegraphpt). Yet, a good
part of human resources is centred in Java island. Along with colonial
legacy of Java as a centre of administration and industrialization, the
migration of high skilled graduates into Java island has also been
indispensable until now. Currently Java island is inhabited by about 60%
of Indonesia population (National Statistics Bureau, 2012). Considering
the higher education quality divide and the outflow human resources
from out of Java island, there need an education system to enable
students to receive a quality higher education from their domicile. It is
only open and distance education system that would be able to serve
these purposes.
The establishment of Universitas Terbuka (UT) in 1984, that utilizes
open and distance modes, was primarily to scale up higher education
participation and to continuously upgrade the teacher competence and
qualification. These two missions were set to be accomplished during
the UT first mission. Considering the massive amount of high school
graduates who were unable to be accommodated in face to face (f2f)
university, and the limited funding and infrastructure to establish new
f2f university, only the Open University system may overcome these
two major constrains. In addition, considering geographic conditions of
Indonesia, the distance higher education which highly relies on