and the herbal practices of several Native American
tribes. The Eclectics, who established many schools
in major American cities, published an official phar-
macopoeia in 1854, which by 1909 reached its 19th
edition, but because of the emergence of new drugs
and a growing pharmaceutical industry, the last of
the Eclectic schools, in Cincinnati, Ohio, shut down
in 1939. Today’s schools of naturopathy provide
courses in natural and holistic medicine practices
including traditional Chinese medicine, homeopa-
thy, Ayurveda, nutrition, and herbal medicine.
Thomsonian practitioners See THOMSON, SAMUEL.
tincture A liquid homeopathic remedy, usually
with an alcohol base.
See also HOMEOPATHY; MOTHER TINCTURE.
tissue remedies See CELL SALTS.
tongue analysis Also called jihva, a system of
diagnosis in Ayurvedic medicine based on observ-
ing characteristics of the tongue. The tongue is
“mapped” according to other parts of the body
(similar mapping of the soles of the feet is seen in
reflexology); ailments that include sensitive colon,
delicate heart, kidney disorder, bronchitis, pneu-
monitis, delicate lungs, unabsorbed nutrients, tox-
ins in the colon or gastrointestinal tract, and
deep-seated fear or anxiety, may be determined by
markings, colorations, moisture, and other states of
the tongue. Face, lips, nail, and eye evaluations are
also used in Ayurvedic diagnostic measures.
See also AYURVEDA.
tonic, hot Folk medicine or herbal remedies for
illnesses such as colds and flu and for energization
and warming of the body, especially in the event of
chills and achiness. Tonics may be served hot or
cold, depending upon the ingredients, which may
include honey, various juices, cloves, cinnamon,
herbs, hot mustard powder, turmeric, cilantro,
cumin, and black pepper.
See also JUICING.
tonification An Ayurvedic and homeopathic term
for any treatment that is geared to fortifying the
body and promoting a sense or state of well-being.
Trager Integration A gentle, rhythmic, shaking
massage technique, as opposed to massages that
involve pressure, oils, or forceful manipulation,
that helps release tension in joints. The method
was developed by Dr. Milton Trager, who spent 50
years expanding his theories. Born in Chicago in
1908 with a congenital spinal deformity, Trager
overcame his disability and improved his body to
athletic status. When he was in his late teens his
family had moved to Miami Beach, Florida, where
he trained to be a boxer. After each boxing session,
his trainer would give him a massage. Young Mil-
ton offered to give the trainer a massage when he
looked particularly tired one day. His trainer was
so impressed by the results that Milton was
encouraged to treat his father, who had sciatica,
which after two sessions was healed. From that
point on, Trager worked on many people and a
variety of conditions. At age 42 he applied to 70
medical schools before being accepted by Universi-
dad Autonoma de Guadalajara in Mexico, where a
clinic was set up for him to continue his work in
psychophysical integration. In 1955 he received
his M.D. degree. He continued to practice and
teach for the next 20 years and cofounded the
Trager Institute in 1980. There are now thousands
of certified practitioners around the world. At the
age of 88 Dr. Trager died in January 1997. More
information is available at http://www.trager.com; http://www.
magnoliaspa.comTranscendental Meditation Practiced by 5 mil-
lion people worldwide, a simple, natural, effortless
technique of centering one’s body and mind in a
restful state for approximately 20 minutes a day.
Transcendental Meditation (TM) was founded by
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1957 and was first
taught in Great Britain in 1960. Over 4 million
people around the world have learned Transcen-
dental Meditation (160,000 in Britain), and the
first published research on this technique appeared
in 1970. In 1980 Maharishi introduced Maharishi
Ayur-Veda, a thorough and comprehensive revival
of the world’s most ancient system of health care.
The TM technique requires no belief or lifestyle
change, is nonreligious, is not time-consuming,
and can be learned by anyone regardless of
age, level, of education, or cultural background.Transcendental Meditation 151