ing a global network for research); research train-
ing (implementing a comprehensive research
training plan, providing research training and
clinical fellowships, educating complementary/
alternative medicine scientists about biomedical
research methods, and educating conventional
researchers about the nature and principles of
alternative medicines), and communications
(establishing effective partnerships with comple-
mentary/alternative medicine researchers, health
professionals, and the public; disseminating infor-
mation along with other federal agencies; and dis-
tributing scientifically based information about
research, practices, and findings to health care
providers and consumers).
A well-known and respected neurosurgeon
from Springfield, Missouri, Shealy founded the
American Holistic Medical Association (AHMA) in
1978, with the mission to provide a “common
community” for medical doctors who embrace the
philosophy of treating the whole biopsychosocial
person. The following are the 12 principles of the
AHMA: (1) to use safe, effective diagnostic and
treatment options; (2) search for underlying
causes of disease, as is preferable to treating only
symptoms; (3) use the Hippocratic idea (including
that the life forces pervade all of nature) of find-
ing out what kind of person has a disease; (4)
evoke the patient’s innate ability to heal and pro-
mote prevention; (5) view illness not as an iso-
lated event but as a dysfunction of the whole
person; (6) establish a high-quality relationship
with the patient and encourage the patient to take
responsibility for his or her health; (7) consider
the needs, desires, awareness, and insight of both
patient and physician; (8) influence patients by
setting an example; (9) view illness, pain, and
dying as learning opportunities for both patients
and doctors; (10) promote love, hope, humor, and
enthusiasm and release fear, anger, grief, hostility,
shame, greed, and depression; (11) adopt an atti-
tude of unconditional love for all; and (12) pursue
the highest qualities of the physical, environmen-
tal, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social aspects
of being human.
The establishment of this and other organiza-
tions promoting alternative and complementary
medicine would have likely been a source of per-
sonal satisfaction to the late author Norman
Cousins, well known for books such as Anatomy of
an Illness (New York: Norton, 1979) and Head
First: The Biology of Hope and the Healing Power of the
Human Spirit (New York: Dutton, 1989). A
teacher at the UCLA School of Medicine and con-
tributing essayist for The Power to Heal: Ancient Arts
& Modern Medicine (New York: Prentice Hall,
1990), Cousins explained, “Clearly, in our mod-
ern age, treatment for any disease requires the
best that medical science has to offer; all the emo-
tional determination in the world usually falls
short without prompt and consistent medical
intervention. But just as clearly, treating physical
illness without paying corresponding attention to
emotional needs can have only a partial effect.
More than 2,000 years after the death of Hip-
pocrates, we are coming back to the original Hip-
pocratic ideal of the patient not as a passive vessel
into which the physician pours therapeutic skills
and medicaments, but as a sovereign human
being capable of generating powerful responses to
disease. These powerful responses won’t reverse
every incidence of disease or illness; otherwise,
we would live forever. But by beginning to recog-
nize these powers, we are enhancing vital ele-
ments of the recovery process.”
Cousins was a high-profile American propo-
nent of combining conventional and alternative
medicines for years before his death in 1990 at
age 78. When in the 1970s he was afflicted with
ankylosing spondylitis, a life-threatening degen-
erative spinal disease, and given a dim prognosis,
he decided to take massive doses of vitamin C in
addition to his physician’s treatments and intro-
duced laughter as the best medicine of all.
He deluged his days with Marx Brothers films,
Candid Camera episodes, humorous books—any-
thing and everything funny that elicited belly
laughter for at least 10 minutes at a time. After
each laugh session, his doctor tested Cousins’s
blood sedimentation rate (an indicator of the
status of inflammation in the body) and found
that it dropped consistently, until, in 1976,
Cousins recovered from the disease. The first
published account of this experience appeared in
the New England Journal of Medicine, and Cousins
received an honorary degree in medicine fromIntroduction xxi