The Economist February 12th 2022 61
Finance & economics
Financialmarkets
What goes up
T
he parallels between rollercoasters
and financial markets are plentiful.
Both go up, both go down. A mountain
high climb is often followed by a stomach
churning plunge. And, on reaching the
peak, some riders start to wonder whether
they will make it off alive.
The recent tumult in stockmarkets has
brought the fairground metaphors flood
ing back. Should equity investors brace for
a sickening lurch downwards? And as they
plummet, will the groaning girders be
neath them—the infrastructure underpin
ning markets—hold firm? The structure of
finance has changed dramatically since the
financial crisis of 200709. Every new big
dipper has to go through rigorous testing
to ensure it is safe to ride. Postcrisis global
markets may be about to experience a
wrenching stress test of their own—
though with cars packed not with dum
mies but actual people.
For almost two years after markets reco
vered from a brief but vertiginous slide
when covid19 spread globally, investing
was a scream. Much fun was had bidding
up shares in Hertz, a bankrupt carrental
firm; engineering a shortsqueeze in
shares of GameStop, a videogame retailer;
and piling into cryptocurrencies, includ
ing dogecoin, a joke one. With markets so
buoyant, picking winners was like shoot
ing fish in a barrel. Stocks, particularly
those of tech giants, were supercharged by
the Federal Reserve’s announcement in
March 2020 that it was cutting interest
rates to zero and would begin buying Trea
sury bonds and other assets. The s&p 500
reached alltime highs on 70 of the 261
trading days in 2021. Only in one other
year, 1995, has it reached a greater number.
The laughter is not so loud now. On Jan
uary 27th the s&p500 closed in correction
territory, 10% below its high at the begin
ning of the year (it has since regained some
lost ground). The nasdaq composite, a
techfocused index, is down by 9.8% from
its alltime high in November. Volatility is
back with a vengeance: on January 24th,
for instance, on the back of no obvious cat
alyst, the s&p500 sold off by almost 4% be
fore a sharp rally saw the index close up
0.3% (and then tumble again the next day).
Robert Shiller of Yale University, who
won a Nobel prize for his work on financial
bubbles, sees parallels with the gogo years
before the crash of 1929. Back then, “there
was an explosion of fun things to do with
stocks. I think we’re in a similar situation
now.” According to Mr Shiller’s surveys, ov
er the past year the share of individual in
vestors who think the market is overpriced
has been higher than at any point since the
turn of the millennium, before the dotcom
bubble burst (see chart 1 on next page). Yet
at the same time their belief that stocks
will rally if there is ever a fall has never
been so high. This contradictory combina
tion of fear of overvaluation and fear of
missing out mirrors the dynamic in 1929.
The proximate cause for the boom in
valuations is more than a decade of allbut
free money. Central banks slashed interest
rates after the financial crisis, then took
monetary and fiscal support to new levels
in response to the pandemic. This lit a
rocket under asset prices. The average
stock in the s&p500 cost 40 times its earn
ings in early January, as measured by the
cyclically adjusted pricetoearnings, or
N EW YORK
Is the modern high-tech, bank-light financial system better than the old one?
Brace for a stress test
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