The Economist February 12th 2022 Finance & economics 65
Y
ouhaveprobablynoticedthatthere
has been something of a reckoning
for the shares of fledgling technology
companies in the public markets. An
index of stocks that have floated via an
initial public offering (ipo) within the
past two years, compiled by Renaissance
Capital, is down by around a third in the
past year. In the private markets where
venture capitalists (vcs) supply funding
for startups, the term you hear for more
sober valuations is “reset”. This is gentler
than “reckoning”, with its overtones of
punishment. In venture circles, mistakes
carry no shame. If your startup is a bust,
you learn lessons, move on and back a
new firm.
There are some signs that the public
market reckoning is causing a rethink in
private markets. Technology ipos are
being pulled. Entrepreneurs are advised
more pointedly to conserve cash. And
there is tentative evidence that vcs are
pulling in their horns. The Information,
a techindustry news site, reported re
cently that Tiger Global Management, a
prominent financier of maturing tech
firms, had cut back its earlier offers of
financing to a handful of startups.
Is this the start of a trend? Don’t be too
sure. A lot of venture capital has been
raised from investors. Around $750bn
was committed, waiting to be deployed,
at the end of 2021. The most gilded start
ups might be hard pushed to notice any
shift. Their big funding cheques are
likely to keep coming. In the rest of the
startup market, any markdown to more
sober valuations will happen with a
delay. For now, at least, the wall of ven
ture money militates against a big reset.
The world of vchas changed a lot in
the past decade or two. It used to be a
cottage industry based around San Fran
cisco. But as interest rates slumped,
otherkindsofinvestorswerepushedinto
taking vcrisk to generate sufficient re
turns. The lower interest rates are, the less
investors care about whether they receive
a dollar today or a dollar tomorrow. It is a
perfect climate for funding startups,
whose payoff may be years away. The
cottage industry soon faced competition
from privateequity and hedge funds,
especially in the funding of mature “late
stage” startups. These “macro” investors
look at a portfolio of preipo firms much
like a portfolio of listed stocks, says Ajay
Royan of Mithril, a vcfirm based in Aus
tin, Texas. Their instinct now is to write
smaller cheques for startups to reflect the
heightened risks to ipopricing.
But competition from rivals makes this
harder than it sounds. A vcfirm that tries
to align a funding round with the prices
paid in public markets may find that
another vcfirm comes over the top with a
better offer. Venture capitalists are caught
between two opposing forces. On the one
hand, they see that interest rates are going
up and technology stocks are falling. On
the other hand, there is an array of tempt
ingstartupsthat are also being chased by
lots of rival shops.
The expectations of entrepreneurs
matter in this regard. Many will look to
the terms their startup peers achieved
recently as a guide to their market value,
says Simon Levene of Mosaic Ventures, a
Londonbased vcfirm. It is not healthy
for startup founders to think that capital
will always be forthcoming. But try tell
ing them that. An excess of optimism is
part and parcel of being an entrepreneur.
People who are more mindful of risks get
regular jobs. Memories do not reliably
stretch back to the dog days of 2002
when vcfunding was hard to come by.
Founders grew up in a world of nearfree
money. It will take time for them to
adjust to a different landscape.
A deeper fall in tech stocks might
nudge that adjustment along. But a true
reset would require something else to
happen. Were vcs themselves unable to
raise capital for new funds, they would
surely be forced to be less generous in
the prices they paid. If you can’t raise
money and you know your peers can’t
raise it either, you become more sparing
with capital. Discipline becomes a
watchword. Valuation matters more.
This could happen. But it would
probably take a much bigger fall in the
overall stockmarket to spur it. The share
of portfolios allocated to vcwould then
have to fall in line with diminished
public stockholdings. Subscriptions to
new funds would dry up.
But there is not much sign of this. Big
new funds are still being raised, even
after the repricing of listed tech stocks.
vc does not yet seem to have lost any of
its sheen with pension funds, endow
ments and family offices. As long as the
money flows in, it will be deployed. The
reset may have to wait a while.
ButtonwoodThe reset button
Why the prices paid for unlisted technology startups will adjust only slowly to falling share prices
peiMedia, The Economist has looked at
eight pefirms that have closed fossilfuel
deals in the past two years. The investors in
some of their latest energyflavoured vehi
cles include 53 pension funds, 23 universi
ties and 32 foundations. Many are from
America, such as Teacher Retirement Sys
tem of Texas, the University of San Francis
co and the Pritzker Traubert Foundation,
but that is partly because more institutions
based there disclose pecommitments. The
list also features Britain’s West Yorkshire
Pension Fund and China Life.
Over time, some investors may decide
to opt out of funding their portion of fossil
fuel deals. But a third, yet more opaque
class stands ready to step in: stateowned
firms and sovereign funds operating in the
shadows. Last month Saudi Aramco, the
Kingdom’s national oil company, acquired
a 30% stake in a refinery in Poland, and So
moil, an Angolan group, bought offshore
oil assets from France’s Total. In 2020 Sin
gapore’s gicwas part of the group that paid
$10bn for a stake in an Emirati pipeline.
Could banks act as a restraining force?
Big lenders in Europe are soon to face
“green” stress tests; many have announced
netzero targets. Their appetite for up
stream deals is “diminishing rapidly”, says
a Wall Street banker. Yet for big deals, bond
markets remain open. Smaller deals can
tap privatedebt markets. And although
Western banks shun loans to midstream
projects, Asian ones do not. Liquidity still
abounds. Last month a group of investors
led by eig, an American buyout firm, hired
Citigroup and JPMorgan Chase to help it re
finance the $11bn loan it took in June to buy
Saudi pipelines. No matter how deepyou
dig into the capital structure, thelawsof
thermodynamics still seem to apply.n