312 Index
79–80; (1996) 79; (2004) 80; and
Super Tuesday 80; write-ins 81
elections, presidential: (1800) 91;
(1824) 91; (1896) 22; (1924) 45;
(1932) 23, 27, 32; (1936) 41; (1948)
30; (1952) 32, 38, 95; (1956) 30, 35,
38, 94; (1960) 24, 25, 32, 36, 188;
(1964) 24, 31; (1968) 45, 79, 83, 85,
91, 94; (1972) 24, 30, 31; (1976) 24,
32; (1980) 25, 72; (1984) 24, 26, 31;
(1992) 25; (1996) 25, 26, 30; (2000)
25, 26, 72, 91, 92–4, 123–4; (2004) 26,
29, 30, 32, 36, 186
Electoral College 55, 87–92, 93–4
electoral system 76; complexity 74
elites 20–1
Ellsberg, Daniel 190
Employment Act (1946) 169
Engel v. Vitale (1962) 230
Epstein, L. 73, 258
Esler, G. 17
Espionage Act (1917) 189
Ethics in Government Act (1978) 154
ethnic politics 32–5, 64–6
exceptionalism 49, 278–81
executive departments 196–8
Executive Office of the President 161–5
extremism 50, 64–7
‘Fairness Commission’ 84
Falwell, Jerry 185
Farm Bureau Federation 113–14
farm groups 113–14
Farrakhan, Louis 107
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
224, 229
federal civil service 201–3; and spoils
system 202–3
Federal Communications Commission
108, 183
Federal Election Campaign Act (1974)
100, 116
Federal Emergency Management
Agency 166, 254–6
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
108
Federal Maritime Commission 198
Federal Reserve System 198
Federal Trade Commission 108
federalism 3–6; cooperative federalism
243; and Hurricane Katrina 254–6;
and stem cell research 257; and
welfare reform 243–5
Federalist Papers 15, 17
Fenton, John H. 36, 59
Ferraro, Geraldine 86–7
filibuster 138–9
finance: congressional control 141–4;
Office of Management and Budget
168–9
Fleischer, Ari 251
Fletcher v. Peck (1810) 210
Foley, M. 147
Ford, President Gerald 24, 262
Foreign Assistance Act (1961) 273
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
(1978) 174
foreign policy 174–5, 259–80
foreign aid programme 174–5
Fortas, Justice Abe 227
Frankfurter, Justice Felix 215
Free Trade Area of the Americas 278
Freedom of Information Act (1966) 205
Freeman v. Pitts (1992) 215, 231
Frist, Senator Bill 247, 284
frontier 8–11
Fukuyama, F. 73, 283
Furman v. Georgia (1972) 248, 249Garcia v. San Antonio (1985) 219
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade 277
Geneva Convention 250–1, 253–4
Gephardt, Rep. Richard 80
gerrymandering 96–7; and Baker v. Carr
97, 215
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) 211
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 230
Gingrich, Speaker Newt 52, 122, 237
Ginsburg, Justice Ruth 231
Glenn, Senator John 40
Goldwater, Senator Barry 24, 48, 51
Gore, Vice-President Albert 25, 37, 92–4
Gould, L.L. 180
Government Corporation Control Act
(1945) 201
government corporations 200–1
Graber, Doris 185, 187, 193
Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Act (1985)
Granholm, Governor Jennifer 59
Great Depression 27
Green Party 45
Greenpeace 114
Gregg v. Georgia (1976) 249
Grenada 263
Griswold, Dean 223