1000 Solved Problems in Modern Physics

(Tina Meador) #1

82 1 Mathematical Physics


Normal equation gives

λ=


tnyn

6 t^2 n

n= 1

tnyn= 1 ×ln(1/ 0 .835)+ 2 ×ln(1/ 0 .695)

+ 3 ×ln(1/ 0 .58)+ 4 ×ln(1/ 0 .485)
+ 5 ×ln(1/ 0 .405)+ 6 ×ln(1/ 0 .335)
= 16. 5175
∑^6

n= 1

tn^2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 = 91

∴λ=

16. 5175

91

= 0 .1815 h−^1

T 1 / 2 =

0. 693

λ

=

0. 693

0. 1815

= 3 .82 h

1.99 We determine the probabilityP(t) that a given counter records no pulse
during a periodt. We divide the intervaltinto two partst=t 1 +t 2 .The
probabilities that no pulses are recorded in either the first or the second period
are given byP(t 1 ) andP(t 2 ), respectively, while the probability that no pulse
is recorded in the whole interval isP(t)=P 1 (t 1 +t 2 ).
Since the two events are independent,
P(t 1 +t 2 )=P(t 1 )p(t 2 )
The above equation has the solution
P(t)=e−at
whereais a positive constant. The reason for using the minus sign forais
thatP(t) is expected to decrease with increasingt.
The probability that there will be an event in the time interval dtiscdt.The
combined probability that there will be no events during time intervalt,but
one event between timetandt+dtisce−atdtwherec=constant. It is
readily shown thatc=a. This follows from the normalization condition
∫∞

0

P(t)dt=c

∫∞

0

e−atdt= 1

Thus dp(t)=ae−atdt
Clearly, small time intervals are more favoured than large time intervals
amongst randomly distributed events. If the data have large numberNof
intervals then the number of intervals greater thant 1 but less thant 2 is

n=N

∫t 2

t 1

ae−atdt=N(e−at^1 −e−at^2 ) (Interval distribution)

arepresents the average number of events per unit time.
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